Week 1: Day 1: Installation and Python Basics: What is Python?

Python is a programming language used to write instructions for computers.
It is easy to learn, readable, and popular for beginners and experts.
You can use Python to make websites, apps, games, and more.

2. Why Use Python?

Easy to Learn: Simple and clear syntax.
Versatile: Can be used for web development, data analysis, AI, automation.
Readable: Code is clean and easy to understand.
Community Support: Lots of tutorials, libraries, and help online.
Fast Development: Can create programs quickly.

3. Where is Python Used?

Web Development: Using frameworks like Django or Flask.
Data Science & AI: For analyzing data and building models.
Automation: Automating repetitive tasks.
Game Development: Simple games and simulations.
Education: Teaching programming to beginners.

Day 2: Python Syntax

Perfect, Raheem! Let’s continue.

Python Basics: Syntax and Printing

1. What is Python Syntax?
- Python syntax is the set of rules you follow when writing Python code.
- It tells Python how to understand your instructions.
Example:
```
x = 10
if x > 5:
    print("x is greater than 5")
```
2. Why Use Python Syntax?
- Without correct syntax, Python cannot run your code.
- Helps your code stay organized and readable.
3. Where is Python Syntax Used?
- Everywhere in Python:
  - Writing variables
  - Creating loops
  - Writing functions
  - Building classes
  - Making Django apps
4. What is Printing?
- Printing is showing output on the screen using print().
Example:
```
print("Hello, Students!")
```
5. Why Use Printing?
- To show results to the user.
- To check values and debug your code.
- To learn programming by seeing output.
6. Where is Printing Used?
- Displaying messages, results, or variables.
- Showing output from loops, functions, or Django views.
Example:
```
name = "Ali"
age = 12
print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old
```

Class 3: Basic Input

Explanation:

Use input() to get information from the user.

Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

Classwork:

Ask the user for their favorite color and print it.

Assignment:

Ask the user for their age and print a message: "You are 12 years old"

Class 4: Practice

Combine printing and input.
Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = input("Enter your age: ")
print("Hello, " + name + ". You are " + age + " years old.")

Classwork:

Ask the user for their favorite food and drink, then print a sentence:
"I like pizza and orange juice"

Assignment:

Create a mini program asking for 3 pieces of information about a student (name, age, class) and print them nicely.

✅ Outcome Week 1:

Students know how to write Python code, use print statements, get input, and add comments.
Ready to move on to Week 2: Variables and Data Types.

Week 2: Variables and Data Types

Objective: Learn how to store and use data in Python — important for Django models and views.

Class 1: What is a Variable?

Explanation:

A variable is a name that stores data.
You can use it to store numbers, text, or other information.

Example:

name = "Ali"
age = 12
print(name)
print(age)

Classwork:

Create variables for your name, age, and favorite color, then print them.

Assignment:

Create variables for 3 students: name, age, and class. Print their details.

Class 2: Data Types

Explanation:

Python has different types of data:

int → whole numbers
float → decimal numbers
str → text
bool → True or False

Example:

age = 12        # int
price = 9.99    # float
name = "Ali"    # str
is_student = True  # bool

Classwork:

Create one variable of each type and print them with labels.

Assignment:

Create variables for a book: title (str), pages (int), price (float), available (bool). Print them.

Class 3: Changing Variables

Explanation:

Variables can change values anytime.

Example:

age = 12
print(age)
age = 13
print(age)

Classwork:

Change your favorite color variable and print it before and after.

Assignment:

Create a student’s age variable, increase it by 1, and print: "Next year, Ali will be 13 years old"

Class 4: Type Conversion

Explanation:

Sometimes you need to change data type using int(), float(), or str().

Example:

age = input("Enter your age: ")  # input gives string
age = int(age)  # convert to number
print(age + 1)

Classwork:

Ask the user for a number and print double the value.

Assignment:

Ask for price of an item as input and add 100 to it, then print the total.

Class 5: Practice Mini Project

Task: Student Info Program

Ask the user for name, age, and class
Store them in variables
Print a message like: "Ali is 212 years old in class 6"

Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
class_no = input("Enter your class: ")

print(name + " is " + str(age) + " years old in class " + class_no)

Outcome:

Students understand variables, data types, type conversion, and storing info.

Great, Raheem! Let’s move on to Week 3: Operators and Expressions.

Week 3: Operators and Expressions

Objective: Learn how to perform calculations and comparisons in Python — important for logic in Django views and templates.

Class 1: Arithmetic Operators

Explanation:

Used to do math in Python.
Common operators:
- + → add
- - → subtract
- * → multiply
- / → divide
- % → remainder

Example:

a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b)  # 13
print(a - b)  # 7
print(a * b)  # 30
print(a / b)  # 3.3333
print(a % b)  # 1

Classwork:

Create two numbers and print their sum, difference, product, division, and remainder.

Assignment:

Ask the user for two numbers and print all arithmetic results.

Class 2: Comparison Operators

Explanation:

Used to compare values. Result is True or False.
Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

Example:

x = 5
y = 3
print(x == y)  # False
print(x > y)   # True
print(x != y)  # True

Classwork:

Compare two numbers and print which one is bigger.

Assignment:

Ask the user for age and check if they are old enough to enter a class (e.g., 12+).

Class 3: Logical Operators

Explanation:

Combine conditions using and, or, not.

Example:

age = 15
has_ticket = True
can_enter = age >= 12 and has_ticket
print(can_enter)  # True

Classwork:

Check if a number is positive and even.

Assignment:

Ask user for age and permission, then check if they can access a page.

Class 4: Assignment Operators

Explanation:

Assign or update values with operators like =, +=, -=, *=

Example:

x = 5
x += 3  # x = x + 3
print(x)  # 8

Classwork:

Start with a number 10, subtract 4, multiply by 2, divide by 3 using assignment operators.

Assignment:

Create a variable points = 50. Add 10, subtract 5, multiply by 2, then divide by 5. Print result.

Class 5: Expressions

Explanation:

Expressions are combinations of variables, operators, and values that produce a result.

Example:

a = 5
b = 3
c = (a + b) * 2
print(c)  # 16

Classwork:

Create an expression for ((10 + 5) * 2) / 3 and print the result.

Assignment:

Ask user for length and width of a rectangle, calculate area and perimeter using expressions, and print them.

Class 6: Mini Project

Task: Simple Calculator Program

Ask user for two numbers
Ask for operation: add, subtract, multiply, divide
Print result based on operation

Example:

num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
op = input("Enter operation (+,-,*,/): ")

if op == "+":
    print(num1 + num2)
elif op == "-":
    print(num1 - num2)
elif op == "*":
    print(num1 * num2)
elif op == "/":
    print(num1 / num2)
else:
    print("Invalid operation")

Outcome:

Students understand arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators.
Ready to move on to Week 4: Conditional Statements (If-Else).

Perfect, Raheem! Let’s continue with Week 4: Conditional Statements (If-Else).

Week 4: Conditional Statements (If-Else)

Objective: Learn how to make decisions in Python — very important for Django views.

Class 1: If Statement

Explanation:

if checks a condition. If it’s True, code inside runs.

Example:

age = 15
if age >= 12:
    print("You can enter the class")

Classwork:

Check if a number is positive. Print "Positive number" if true.

Assignment:

Ask user for age and print "Adult" if age >= 18.

Class 2: If-Else Statement

Explanation:

else runs if the if condition is False.

Example:

age = 10
if age >= 12:
    print("You can enter")
else:
    print("Too young to enter")

Classwork:

Ask user for a number. Print "Even" if divisible by 2, else "Odd".

# Ask the user to enter a number

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# Check if the number is even or odd

if number % 2 == 0:

print("The number is even.")

else:

print("The number is odd.")

Assignment:

Check if user’s age is enough for school (6+). Print appropriate message.

Class 3: Elif (Else-If) Statement

Explanation:

elif checks another condition if the first is False.

Example:

marks = 75
if marks >= 90:
    print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 70:
    print("Grade B")
else:
    print("Grade C")

Classwork:

Ask user for marks (0–100) and print grade:
- = 90 → A
- 70–89 → B
- 50–69 → C
- <50 → F

Assignment:

Ask user for temperature and print:
- 30 → "Hot"
- 20–30 → "Warm"
- <20 → "Cold"

Class 4: Nested If Statements

Explanation:

Put one if inside another to check multiple conditions.

Example:

age = 16
has_permission = True

if age >= 12:
    if has_permission:
        print("You can enter")
    else:
        print("You need permission")
else:
    print("Too young")

Classwork:

Check if a number is positive and even. Print "Positive even" or "Other".

Assignment:

Ask for age and grade.
If age >= 12 and grade >= 50 → "Pass"
Else → "Fail"

Class 5: Mini Project

Task: School Admission Checker

Ask user for:
- Age
- Grade
- Permission (Yes/No)
Print if they can join class or cannot join.

Example:

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
grade = int(input("Enter your grade: "))
permission = input("Do you have permission (Yes/No)? ")

if age >= 12:
    if grade >= 50:
        if permission.lower() == "yes":
            print("You can join the class")
        else:
            print("Permission required")
    else:
        print("Grade too low")
else:
    print("Too young for this class")

Outcome:

Students understand decision making, which is needed to control Django views and form logic.

Perfect, Raheem! Let’s move on to Week 5: Loops.

Week 5: Loops

Objective: Learn how to repeat tasks in Python — very useful for Django views and templates.

Class 1: For Loop

Explanation:

for loop repeats code for each item in a list, range, or other collection.

Example 1 (list):

students = ["Ali", "Aisha", "Emmanuel"]
for student in students:
    print(student)

Example 2 (range):

for i in range(5):
    print(i)  # prints 0,1,2,3,4

Classwork:

Create a list of 5 fruits and print each fruit using a for loop.

Assignment:

Print numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.

Class 2: While Loop

Explanation:

while loop repeats code as long as a condition is True.

Example:

i = 1
while i <= 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1  # increase i by 1 each time

Classwork:

Print numbers from 10 down to 1 using a while loop.

Assignment:

Ask the user to enter a number. Print all numbers from 1 to that number using a while loop.

Class 3: Break and Continue

Explanation:

break → stops the loop completely
continue → skips the current step and goes to next iteration

Example (break):

for i in range(10):
    if i == 5:
        break
    print(i)

Example (continue):

for i in range(5):
    if i == 2:
        continue
    print(i)

Classwork:

Loop numbers 1–10, stop when number is 7.

Assignment:

Loop numbers 1–5, skip number 3 using continue.

Class 4: Nested Loops

Explanation:

A loop inside another loop. Useful for tables or grids.

Example:

for i in range(1,4):
    for j in range(1,4):
        print(i, j)

Classwork:

Print a 3x3 multiplication table.

Assignment:

Create a loop that prints a pattern:

*
**
***
****

Class 5: Mini Project

Task: Student List Display

Create a list of 5 students (dictionaries with name and age)
Use a loop to print: "Ali is 12 years old"

Example:

students = [
    {"name": "Ali", "age": 12},
    {"name": "Aisha", "age": 13},
    {"name": "Emmanuel", "age": 14}
]

for s in students:
    print(f"{s['name']} is {s['age']} years old")

Outcome:

Students understand repetition and loops, which is needed for displaying multiple items in Django templates.

Intermediate

Python Training – Week 3: Functions

Day 1 (Mon) – Introduction to Functions

1. What is it?

A function is a block of code that does a task. Instead of repeating code, we write it once and call it anytime.

2. Code Example

def say_hello():

print("Hello, welcome to Python!")

# Call the function

say_hello()

Explanation:

def → used to define a function.
say_hello() → calling the function runs the code.

✅ Class Work

Write a function that prints "Good Morning".

🏠 Assignment

Write a function called greet() that prints "Hello, Student!".

Day 2 (Tue) – Functions with Parameters

1. What is it?

We can give functions inputs (parameters).

2. Code Example

def greet(name):

print("Hello, " + name)

greet("Raheem")

greet("Mary")

Explanation:

name is a parameter.
When calling the function, we give a value like "Raheem".

✅ Class Work

Write a function square(num) that prints the square of a number.

🏠 Assignment

Write a function add(a, b) that prints the sum of two numbers.

Day 3 (Wed) – Functions with Return Values

1. What is it?

Functions can return values to be used later.

2. Code Example

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(5, 3)

print("The sum is:", result)

Explanation:

return sends the answer back.
We can save it in a variable like result.

✅ Class Work

Write a function multiply(a, b) that returns the product.

🏠 Assignment

Write a function is_even(num) that returns True if number is even, else False.

Day 4 (Thu) – Real Life Example with Functions

Example: Student Grading Function

def grade_student(score):

if score >= 70:

return "A"

elif score >= 50:

return "C"

else:

return "Fail"

print("Student 1:", grade_student(75))

print("Student 2:", grade_student(40))

Explanation:

Function checks the score.
Returns "A", "C", or "Fail".
Very useful in schools or exams!

✅ Class Work

Write a function check_age(age) that returns "Adult" if age ≥ 18, else "Minor".

🏠 Assignment

Write a function check_login(username, password) → if username = "admin" and password = "1234", return "Access Granted", else "Access Denied".

Day 5 (Fri) – Assessment

Practical Test (10 marks)

Write a function say_hi() that prints "Hi". (2 marks)
Write a function double(num) that returns double of the number. (2 marks)
Write a function subtract(a, b) that returns the difference. (2 marks)
Write a function check_number(num) that returns "Even" if even, else "Odd". (2 marks)
Write a function grade(score) that returns "Pass" if score ≥ 50, else "Fail". (2 marks)

✅ Step-by-Step Solutions

Q1 Solution

def say_hi():

print("Hi")

say_hi()

Q2 Solution

def double(num):

return num * 2

print(double(5)) # Output: 10

Q3 Solution

def subtract(a, b):

return a - b

print(subtract(10, 4)) # Output: 6

Q4 Solution

def check_number(num):

if num % 2 == 0:

return "Even"

else:

return "Odd"

print(check_number(7)) # Output: Odd

Q5 Solution

def grade(score):

if score >= 50:

return "Pass"

else:

return "Fail"

print(grade(65)) # Output: Pass

    print(f"{s['name']} is {s['age']} years old")

Classwork:

Create a list of 3 books, each book is a dictionary with title and author. Print all books.

Assignment:

Create a list of 3 teachers, each with name and subject. Print: "Teacher Ali teaches Math" format.

🧠 Python Data Structures

A data structure is a way to store and organize data so your program can use it easily and efficiently.

Data Structure Symbol Example

List `[ ]` `fruits = ["Apple", "Banana"]`

Tuple `( )` `colors = ("Red", "Green")`

Set `{ }` `numbers = {1, 2, 3}`

Dictionary `{ }` (key:value) `student = {"name":"Amina", "age":12}`

Python has 4 main built-in data structures:

List

Tuple

Set

Dictionary

Data Structure	Symbol	Example
List	`[ ]`	`fruits = ["Apple", "Banana"]`
Tuple	`( )`	`colors = ("Red", "Green")`
Set	`{ }`	`numbers = {1, 2, 3}`
Dictionary	`{ }` (key:value)	`student = {"name":"Amina", "age":12}`

1️⃣ List

Meaning:
A list is like a row of boxes where you can store many items, change them, or add more items.

Example:

students = ["Amina", "John", "Mary"]
print(students[0])  # Amina
students.append("Tunde")  # Add new student
print(students)

List function




Function
What It Does
Example




len()
Count items
len(fruits)


append()
Add at end
fruits.append("Mango")


insert()
Add at index
fruits.insert(1,"Mango")


remove()
Remove by value
fruits.remove("Banana")


pop()
Remove by index
fruits.pop(1)


index()
Find position
fruits.index("Apple")


count()
Count duplicates
fruits.count("Apple")


sort()
Arrange items
fruits.sort()


reverse()
Reverse order
fruits.reverse()


copy()
Copy list
fruits.copy()


clear()
Remove all items
fruits.clear()

Function	What It Does	Example
`len()`	Count items	`len(fruits)`
`append()`	Add at end	`fruits.append("Mango")`
`insert()`	Add at index	`fruits.insert(1,"Mango")`
`remove()`	Remove by value	`fruits.remove("Banana")`
`pop()`	Remove by index	`fruits.pop(1)`
`index()`	Find position	`fruits.index("Apple")`
`count()`	Count duplicates	`fruits.count("Apple")`
`sort()`	Arrange items	`fruits.sort()`
`reverse()`	Reverse order	`fruits.reverse()`
`copy()`	Copy list	`fruits.copy()`
`clear()`	Remove all items	`fruits.clear()`

Mini Exercise:

Create a list of 5 fruits and print each fruit in uppercase.

# Create a list of 5 fruits
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango", "orange", "pineapple"]

# Print each fruit in uppercase
for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit.upper())

Output:

APPLE
BANANA
MANGO
ORANGE
PINEAPPLE

This code uses a for loop to go through each fruit and the upper() method to convert it to upper case

Key Points:

Ordered (items have position)
Changeable (you can add, remove, or edit items)
Allows duplicates

2️⃣ Tuple

Meaning:
A tuple is like a list but cannot be changed after creation.

Example:

colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
print(colors[1])  # green

Mini Exercise:

Make a tuple of 5 Nigerian states and print all of them.

Key Points:

Ordered
Cannot be changed (immutable)
Allows duplicates

3️⃣ Set

Meaning:
A set is a collection of unique items, meaning no duplicates.

Example:

numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3, 4}
print(numbers)  # {1, 2, 3, 4}

Mini Exercise:

Create a set of 5 numbers and add one more number.

Key Points:

Unordered (no position)
Unique items only
Changeable (can add/remove items)

4️⃣ Dictionary

Meaning:
A dictionary stores data in key-value pairs.

Like your phone contacts: Name → Phone Number

Example:

student = {"name": "Amina", "age": 12, "class": "Primary 5"}
print(student["name"])  # Amina
student["age"] = 13  # Update age

Mini Exercise:

Make a dictionary for 3 students with their age and class.

Key Points:

Unordered (no position)
Changeable
Access items using keys

Data Structure	Common Functions	What It Does
Tuple	`len()`, `count()`, `index()`	Count items, find duplicates, get position
Set	`add()`, `remove()`, `discard()`, `pop()`, `clear()`, `union()`, `intersection()`	Add/remove items, combine sets, find common/unique
Dictionary	`keys()`, `values()`, `items()`, `get()`, `update()`, `pop()`, `clear()`	Work with key-value pairs: access, update, remove

✅ Quick Comparison Table

Data Structure Ordered Changeable Allows Duplicates Example

List Yes Yes Yes `["Amina", "John"]`

Tuple Yes No Yes `("red", "blue")`

Set No Yes No `{1, 2, 3}`

Dictionary No Yes Keys must be unique `{"name":"Amina"}`

Data Structure	Ordered	Changeable	Allows Duplicates	Example
List	Yes	Yes	Yes	`["Amina", "John"]`
Tuple	Yes	No	Yes	`("red", "blue")`
Set	No	Yes	No	`{1, 2, 3}`
Dictionary	No	Yes	Keys must be unique	`{"name":"Amina"}`

Week 2: Classes and Objects

Good question 👍

We need to learn “class” in Python because classes are the foundation of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) — one of the most powerful ways to write clean, reusable, and organized code.

Let’s break it down in simple Nigerian English 👇

🧠 1. What is a Class?

A class is like a blueprint or plan for creating something.

For example:
Think of a "class" as a plan for building cars.

The class will describe what every car should have (like colour, engine, tyre size).
When you use the plan to make a real car, that real car is called an object.

So a class is just a design, while an object is the actual thing made from that design.

💡 2. Why Do We Need to Learn Class?

(a) To Organize Code

When your project grows big, classes help you group related functions and data together.
Example: you can have a class for Students, another for Teachers, and another for Subjects.

(b) To Reuse Code Easily

Once you create a class, you can use it many times to make new objects without writing the same code again.
Example: one Student class can create hundreds of student objects — no need to repeat code.

(c) To Make Programs Easier to Update

If something changes, you only need to edit the class (the blueprint), not every single place you used the code.

(d) To Make Code More Real-World

Classes help you think like real life:

A Car has features (attributes) like color and speed.
It also has actions (methods) like move(), stop(), start().
Python classes make it easy to describe things that way.

(e) For Teamwork

When many people work on one project, using classes makes the program neat, so everyone can understand where each part belongs.

💻 Example:

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    
    def greet(self):
        print("Hello, my name is", self.name)

# Create (or “instantiate”) two students
s1 = Student("Amina", 12)
s2 = Student("John", 14)

s1.greet()  # Output: Hello, my name is Amina
s2.greet()  # Output: Hello, my name is John

Here:

Student is the class (blueprint)
s1 and s2 are objects (real students)

🔍 Summary:

Reason	Why It’s Important
Organization	Keeps big projects neat
Reusability	Saves time — use code again
Easy Updates	Change one place, not many
Real-World Thinking	Models real things like students, cars, etc.
Teamwork	Helps many people understand and work together

MAIN PARTS OF A CLASS IN PYTHON

A class has three main parts:

Attributes (Variables)
Methods (Functions inside the class)
Constructor (__init__ method)

Let’s explain each one in detail 👇

🧩 1. Attributes (Variables inside a class)

Meaning:
Attributes are like the features or properties that belong to an object.

They are used to store information about each object created from the class.

Example (Real life):
If you have a class called Student, the attributes could be:

name
age
school

That means every student object will have these pieces of information.

Python Example:

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name   # attribute
        self.age = age     # attribute

Here,
name and age are attributes — they describe each student.

⚙️ 2. Methods (Functions inside a class)

Meaning:
Methods are the actions or behaviors that an object can perform.

They are just like normal functions, but they live inside a class.

Example (Real life):
For a Student class:

A student can read
A student can write
A student can introduce himself

Those are methods.

Python Example:

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    
    def introduce(self):
        print("Hello, my name is", self.name, "and I am", self.age, "years old.")

When you call introduce(), that’s a method action.

🚪 3. Constructor (`init` method)

Meaning:
A constructor is a special method that runs automatically when you create a new object.

It helps you set up the initial information (attributes) for the object.

Example (Real life):
When a new student is admitted, you immediately record their name and age.
That process of setting up is like the constructor.

Python Example:

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, age):  # constructor
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

Whenever you create a new student like this:

s1 = Student("Amina", 12)

The __init__ (constructor) runs automatically and gives the object its name and age.

💻 FULL EXAMPLE:

class Student:
    # Constructor
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name      # Attribute 1
        self.age = age        # Attribute 2

    # Method
    def introduce(self):
        print(f"My name is {self.name}, and I am {self.age} years old.")

# Create two students (objects)
s1 = Student("Amina", 12)
s2 = Student("John", 14)

# Call the method
s1.introduce()
s2.introduce()

Output:

My name is Amina, and I am 12 years old.
My name is John, and I am 14 years old.

🧠 Summary Table

Part	Meaning	Example	Use
Attribute	Information about the object	name, age	Store data
Method	Action of the object	introduce(), read()	Perform task
Constructor	Special setup method	`__init__`	Give object its first data

8. Class Work / Practice

1. Create a class Bus and make an object danfo1.

2. Create a class Phone with attributes brand and color, print them.

3. Create a class Market with method open_market() that prints "Market is open!".

9. Homework / Assignment

1. Create a class Student with name and score, make 2 objects.

2. Add method grade() → return "Pass" if score ≥ 50, else "Fail".

3. Create a class FoodVendor with attribute food_type and method sell_food() → print what they are selling.

10. Summary Table

Term	Meaning (Nigeria examples)
Class	Plan or blueprint (like bus design)
Object	Real thing from class (like actual danfo/BRT)
Attribute	Property of object (name, age, brand, color)
Method	Action object can do (ring, bark, sell_food)
`__init__`	Special function to set attributes when creating object

✅ Tips for Students

· Think class = plan, object = real thing

· Use attributes = details, methods = actions

· Examples from school, market, bus, phone make it easy to understand

Week 3: Modules, Packages, and File Handling

Sure! Let’s explain Python modules in simple Nigerian English 😄

1. What is a Module?

Meaning:
A module is like a box of code that contains functions, variables, and classes.

Instead of writing all your code in one file, you can organize code into separate modules and reuse them anywhere in your program.

Think of it like this:

You have a kitchen (your program)
A module is a cupboard with spices, pots, and pans (functions and classes)
You just go to the cupboard (module) whenever you need something instead of cooking everything from scratch.

🔹 2. Why We Use Modules

Reusability – Write once, use anywhere.
Organization – Keeps your code neat and clean.
Easy Maintenance – Fix a bug in the module, and all programs using it get fixed automatically.
Sharing – You can share your module with others without giving them your whole program.

🔹 3. Types of Modules

Built-in Modules – Python already has them.
Example: math, random, datetime
External Modules – You can install them using pip.
Example: numpy, pandas, requests
Custom Modules – You create them yourself.
Example: You make a file my_module.py and use it in another program.

🔹 4. How to Use a Module

(a) Using a Built-in Module

Python
Built-in Modules

1 What are Built-in Modules?

Built-in modules are Python
packages that come with Python automatically.

You don’t need to install them —
they’re ready to use.

They provide common functionality,
like math operations, random numbers, and date/time handling.

2 Why Use Built-in Modules?

Save time — no need to write
everything from scratch.

Make programming easier and more
efficient.
Very useful in Django for things
like date handling, math calculations, and random data.
3 Examples of Built-in Modules

 math
Used for mathematical operations
like square root, power, sine, cosine.
import math
print(math.sqrt(16))  # Output: 4.0

print(math.pow(2, 3)) # Output: 8.0

print(math.pi)        # 3.141592653589793
Here, math is a module, and sqrt() and pi are functions/variables inside it.

(b) Using Only Part of a Module

from math import sqrt,pi
print(sqrt(25))  # 5.0
print(pi)        # 3.141592653589793

 

b) random

Used to generate random numbers
or select random items.

import random
print(random.randint(1, 10))      # Random integer between 1 and 10

print(random.choice(['apple','banana','mango']))  # Random item from list

c) datetime

Used to handle dates and times.

from datetime import datetime

now = datetime.now()

print(now)  # Shows current date and time

other common built in modules 
os
datetime
json
logging
🧩 1️⃣ os
What it is:
A module that lets Python interact with the computer’s operating system.
Uses:
Create, read, and delete folders or files
Get or change the current working directory
Set file paths in Django projects
🕒 2️⃣ datetime
What it is:
A module for working with dates and times.
Uses:
Get the current date and time
Format or calculate dates
Record when data is created or updated in Django
💾 3️⃣ json
What it is:
A module for handling data in JSON format (used on the web).
Uses:
Convert Python data to JSON (for web APIs)
Convert JSON data back to Python
Send and receive data between Django and JavaScript
🧾 4️⃣ logging
What it is:
A module for recording messages and errors that occur while a program runs.
Uses:
Track what your app is doing
Save errors and warnings to a log file
Debug Django applications safely

4. Classwork Idea


 Use math to calculate the square of 5
 Use random to pick a random fruit from a list of 5 fruits
 Use datetime to print today’s date
5 Assignment Idea

Write a Python program that:

Uses math to calculate the area of a circle (radius = 7)
  Uses random to generate 3 random numbers between 1–100
  Uses datetime to print the current year, month, and day
 

Using External Modules in Python

1️⃣ What are External Modules?


External modules are Python packages that are not built into Python.


They provide extra functionality like math operations, data handling, or web requests.


Examples: numpy, pandas, requests



2️⃣ Why Use External Modules?


They save time — no need to write everything from scratch.


They allow you to do advanced tasks easily, like data analysis or web requests.



3️⃣ How to Install External Modules
Python uses pip, the package installer, to install external modules.
Command:
pip install module_name

Example 1: Install numpy
pip install numpy

Example 2: Install pandas
pip install pandas

Example 3: Install requests
pip install requests


4️⃣ How to Use Them in Python
After installing, you import the module in your code:
Example 1: Using numpy
import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(arr)

Explanation:


import numpy as np → imports numpy and lets you use np as a shortcut


np.array([1,2,3,4]) → creates an array






NumPy: Complete Beginner Guide


1. What is NumPy?



NumPy = Numerical Python


A Python module used for mathematical and scientific computing


Allows you to work with arrays and perform fast calculations


Type: External module → install with pip install numpy



2. Why Learn NumPy?



Faster than Python lists for calculations


Handles 1D arrays and 2D matrices


Supports mathematical, statistical, and linear algebra operations


Works with Pandas, Matplotlib, and other data tools



3. How to Use NumPy
Step 1: Install NumPy


pip install numpy

Step 2: Import NumPy

import numpy as np

Explanation:


Imports NumPy and gives it the nickname np to type less.



4. Create a 1D Array

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(arr)

Explanation:


np.array([1,2,3,4,5]) → Creates a 1-dimensional array


arr → Stores the array


print(arr) → Displays the array


Output:
[1 2 3 4 5]


5. Create a 2D Array

arr2d = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
print(arr2d)

Explanation:


A list of lists becomes a 2-dimensional array (matrix)


arr2d → Stores the 2D array


Output:
[[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]]


6. Array Operations

print("Sum:", np.sum(arr))
print("Mean:", np.mean(arr))
print("Max:", np.max(arr))
print("Min:", np.min(arr))
print("Square Root:", np.sqrt(arr))

Explanation:


np.sum(arr) → Adds all elements


np.mean(arr) → Finds average


np.max(arr) → Finds largest value


np.min(arr) → Finds smallest value


np.sqrt(arr) → Calculates square root for each element


Output:
Sum: 15
Mean: 3.0
Max: 5
Min: 1
Square Root: [1.         1.41421356 1.73205081 2.         2.23606798]


7. Reshape an Array

arr_1d = np.arange(16)
arr_4x4 = arr_1d.reshape(4,4)
print(arr_4x4)

Explanation:


np.arange(16) → Creates array from 0 to 15


.reshape(4,4) → Reshapes 1D array into 4x4 2D array


Output:
[[ 0  1  2  3]
 [ 4  5  6  7]
 [ 8  9 10 11]
 [12 13 14 15]]


8. Classwork (Solved Examples)
Exercise 1: Create a 1D array [10,20,30,40,50]


arr1 = np.array([10,20,30,40,50])
print(arr1)

Exercise 2: Sum, Mean, Max, Min

print("Sum:", np.sum(arr1))
print("Mean:", np.mean(arr1))
print("Max:", np.max(arr1))
print("Min:", np.min(arr1))

Exercise 3: Create 2D array [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]] and print shape

arr2 = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
print("Array:\n", arr2)
print("Shape:", arr2.shape)

Exercise 4: Add 5 to every element

arr_plus5 = arr1 + 5
print(arr_plus5)


9. Assignment (Solved Examples)
Assignment 1: Create 3x3 array of ones


arr_ones = np.ones((3,3))
print(arr_ones)

Assignment 2: Multiply by random numbers 1–10

random_nums = np.random.randint(1,11,(3,3))
arr_mult = arr_ones * random_nums
print("Random Array:\n", random_nums)
print("Multiplied with Ones:\n", arr_mult)

Assignment 3: Row sum and Column sum

print("Row sums:", np.sum(arr_mult, axis=1))
print("Column sums:", np.sum(arr_mult, axis=0))

Assignment 4: Reshape 1D array 0–15 to 4x4

arr_range = np.arange(16)
arr_4x4 = arr_range.reshape(4,4)
print(arr_4x4)


10. Summary Notes



NumPy = Numerical Python → Arrays + Math


1D array → np.array([..])


2D array → np.array([[..],[..]])


Basic operations → np.sum(), np.mean(), np.max(), np.min(), np.sqrt()


Reshape → arr.reshape(rows, cols)


arange() → Create a sequence of numbers



Example 2: Using pandas
import pandas as pd

data = pd.DataFrame({
    "Name": ["Raheem", "Ali", "Sara"],
    "Age": [24, 22, 23]
})

print(data)

Explanation:


pd.DataFrame → creates a table-like structure


Useful for handling data in Django projects or APIs




Pandas: Complete Beginner Guide

1. What is Pandas?


Pandas is a Python module for data analysis and data manipulation.


Allows you to work with tables (DataFrames) and columns (Series) easily.


Type: External module → must install with pip install pandas.



2. Why Learn Pandas?


Works with large datasets efficiently


Makes data analysis easy (mean, sum, max, min, filtering)


Can read/write CSV, Excel, JSON, SQL


Supports data cleaning and manipulation



3. How to Use Pandas
Step 1: Install Pandas
pip install pandas

Step 2: Import Pandas
import pandas as pd

Explanation:


import pandas as pd → Imports Pandas and gives it the nickname pd so we can type less.



4. Create a Series
s = pd.Series([5, 10, 15, 20])
print(s)

Explanation:


pd.Series([5,10,15,20]) → Creates a 1D array with labels (index)


s → Stores the Series


print(s) → Shows the Series


Output:
0     5
1    10
2    15
3    20
dtype: int64


5. Create a DataFrame
data = {
    "Name": ["John", "Mary", "Paul"],
    "Age": [18, 19, 20],
    "Grade": ["A", "B", "A"]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(df)

Explanation:


data = {...} → A dictionary where keys = column names, values = list of column data


pd.DataFrame(data) → Converts dictionary into 2D table


df → Stores the DataFrame


print(df) → Displays the table


Output:
   Name  Age Grade
0  John   18     A
1  Mary   19     B
2  Paul   20     A


6. View Data
print(df.head(2))   # Shows first 2 rows
print(df.tail(1))   # Shows last row

Explanation:


head(n) → View first n rows


tail(n) → View last n rows



7. Access Columns
print(df["Age"])

Explanation:


df["Age"] → Selects the Age column as a Series


You can now perform calculations on this column



8. Basic Calculations
print("Average Age:", df["Age"].mean())
print("Max Age:", df["Age"].max())
print("Min Age:", df["Age"].min())

Explanation:


.mean() → Finds average


.max() → Finds largest value


.min() → Finds smallest value



9. Sort Data
df_sorted = df.sort_values("Age")
print(df_sorted)

Explanation:


df.sort_values("Age") → Sorts rows by the Age column in ascending order



10. Filter Data
grade_a_students = df[df["Grade"] == "A"]
print(grade_a_students)

Explanation:


df["Grade"] == "A" → Creates True/False for rows with Grade A


df[...] → Filters DataFrame based on condition


Output:
   Name  Age Grade
0  John   18     A
2  Paul   20     A


11. Save DataFrame
df.to_csv("students_output.csv", index=False)

Explanation:


Saves DataFrame to CSV file


index=False → Prevents row numbers from being saved



12. Classwork (Solved Examples)


Create a Series [5,10,15,20]


s = pd.Series([5, 10, 15, 20])
print(s)



Create DataFrame of 3 students


data = {"Name": ["John","Mary","Paul"], "Age": [18,19,20], "Grade": ["A","B","A"]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(df)



View first 2 rows


print(df.head(2))



Average age


print(df["Age"].mean())



Sort by Age


df_sorted = df.sort_values("Age")
print(df_sorted)


13. Assignment (Solved Examples)
Task: Create DataFrame of 5 students
data = {
    "Name": ["Alice","Bob","Charlie","David","Eva"],
    "Age": [20,22,21,19,23],
    "Grade": ["A","B","A","C","B"],
    "Marks": [85,70,90,60,75]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(df)

Highest Marks and Student
max_marks = df["Marks"].max()
student = df[df["Marks"] == max_marks]["Name"].values[0]
print("Highest Marks:", max_marks)
print("Student:", student)

Average Marks
print("Average Marks:", df["Marks"].mean())

Students with Grade 'A'
grade_a_students = df[df["Grade"] == "A"]
print(grade_a_students)

Save to CSV
df.to_csv("students_output.csv", index=False)


✅ Summary Notes for Students


Series → 1D labeled array


DataFrame → 2D table


head()/tail() → View rows


Column selection → Access data


mean()/max()/min() → Basic calculations


Sorting and filtering → Organize or select data


to_csv() → Save for later





Example 3: Using requests
import requests

response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")
print(response.status_code)

Explanation:


requests.get(url) → sends a GET request to a website/API


response.status_code → shows if the request was successful

Before Request Let talk about file 


Python File Handling – Complete Student Notes

1. What is File Handling?


File handling is how Python reads from or writes to files stored on your computer.


Files can be text files (.txt), CSV files (.csv), or binary files (.jpg, .png).



2. Why Use File Handling?


To store data permanently (so it’s not lost when the program stops)


To read data from saved files


To process and save results of programs



3. How to Work with Files (Line by Line)
3.1 Opening a File
file = open("example.txt", "r")

Explanation:


open() → Opens a file


"example.txt" → Name of the file


"r" → Mode: read (r), write (w), append (a)



3.2 Reading a File
content = file.read()
print(content)
file.close()

Explanation:


file.read() → Reads the entire content of the file


print(content) → Displays the content


file.close() → Closes the file to free resources



3.3 Writing to a File
file = open("example.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello, Python!")
file.close()

Explanation:


"w" → Open file in write mode (overwrites existing content)


file.write("...") → Writes the text to the file


file.close() → Always close the file



3.4 Appending to a File
file = open("example.txt", "a")
file.write("\nThis line is added.")
file.close()

Explanation:


"a" → Append mode, adds text without erasing existing content


\n → Newline character



3.5 Using with Statement (Better Practice)
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
    content = file.read()
    print(content)

Explanation:


with open(...) as file: → Automatically closes file after use


Safer and cleaner than manually calling file.close()



4. Classwork (Practice)


Create a file called students.txt and write 3 student names into it.


Read the file and print the contents line by line.


Append a new student name to the file.


Use with open() to read the file and display all names.



5. Assignment


Create a text file marks.txt and write 5 students’ marks.


Read the file, calculate total and average marks, and display them.


Append 1 more student mark and update the total and average.


Use with open() for all reading and writing tasks.



✅ Key Notes


Modes:


"r" → Read


"w" → Write (overwrite)


"a" → Append


"rb", "wb" → Binary read/write




Always close files or use with open()


read() → Reads all content


readline() → Reads one line


readlines() → Reads all lines as a list



Perfect! Let’s make a simple analogy between Python file handling and the requests module so it’s easy to understand.
File Handling vs Requests Analogy



Concept
File Handling
Requests




Source
File on your computer (example.txt)
Data on a server/website (https://api.example.com/data)


Action
open("file.txt", "r") → read file
requests.get(url) → fetch data from server


Writing
open("file.txt", "w") → write file
requests.post(url, data=data) → send data to server


Reading Content
file.read() → string from file
response.text → string from server


Using JSON
N/A (unless file has JSON)
response.json() → converts JSON response to dictionary


Closing / Cleanup
file.close() or with open()
No explicit close needed; requests handles it automatically


Analogy
Reading/writing a local document
Reading/writing online “document” from a server


Example: File → Requests Analogy
File Reading
# File
with open("students.txt", "r") as file:
    data = file.read()
    print(data)
GET Request
# Requests
import requests
response = requests.get("https://api.example.com/students")
data = response.text
print(data)
File Writing
# File
with open("students.txt", "w") as file:
    file.write("John, Mary, Paul")
POST Request
# Requests
import requests
student_data = {"name": "John", "age": 20}
response = requests.post("https://api.example.com/add_student", json=student_data)
print(response.status_code)
Classwork / Practice


Create a file data.txt and write "Hello World" in it.


Read the file and print the content.


Use requests.get() to fetch "https://httpbin.org/get" and print the response.


Use requests.post() to send {"name":"Test"} to "https://httpbin.org/post" and print the response.

Assignment


Read a file of student marks and calculate total and average.


Fetch a JSON dataset from a server (GET request) and display it.


Send a small dictionary of your own data using POST to "https://httpbin.org/post" and print the result.


Explain how reading a file is like GET and writing a file is like POST in one sentence.

✅ Key Takeaway:

File handling = local data, Requests = remote data

Reading = GET, Writing = POST



Python requests Module

1. What is requests?


requests is a Python module used to send HTTP requests.


You can get data from websites, send data, or interact with APIs.


Type: External module → install using pip install requests.



2. Why Use requests?


Makes working with HTTP simple


Send GET and POST requests easily


Retrieve data from web APIs in JSON or text format


Handle headers, cookies, and parameters



3. Install and Import
pip install requests

import requests



import requests → Makes all functions of the requests module available



4. Sending a GET Request
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")
print(response.status_code)  # HTTP response code (200 = success)
print(response.text)         # Response content

Explanation:


requests.get(url) → Sends a GET request to the URL


response.status_code → HTTP status code (200 = OK, 404 = Not Found)


response.text → Content of the response as string


Sending a GET Request in Python

1. What is a GET Request?


GET is a type of HTTP request used to retrieve data from a server.


When you open a website in your browser, your browser is actually sending a GET request to the website’s server.


In Python, we can do this programmatically using the requests module.



2. Why Use GET Requests?


To fetch data from websites or APIs


To read JSON, HTML, or text from a server


To automate data retrieval without opening a browser



3. How to Send a GET Request
Step 1: Import the requests module
import requests



This allows you to use all functions in the requests module.


Step 2: Send a GET request
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")

Explanation:


requests.get(url) → Sends a GET request to the URL


response → Stores the server’s reply



Step 3: Check Response Status
print(response.status_code)

Explanation:


response.status_code → Returns the HTTP status code


200 → OK, request successful


404 → Not Found


500 → Server error





Step 4: Read Response Content
print(response.text)

Explanation:


response.text → Returns the content of the page or API as a string



Step 5: Parse JSON Data (if API returns JSON)
data = response.json()
print(data)

Explanation:


.json() → Converts response to a Python dictionary


Useful for working with API data



4. Example of a GET Request
import requests

# Send GET request
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")

# Check if request was successful
if response.status_code == 200:
    print("Request successful!")
    data = response.json()  # Convert to Python dictionary
    print(data)             # Print API data
else:
    print("Request failed with status code:", response.status_code)

Output (example):
Request successful!
{'current_user_url': 'https://api.github.com/user', 'current_user_authorizations_html_url': ... }


5. Classwork / Practice


Send a GET request to https://httpbin.org/get and print response.text.


Send a GET request to https://api.ipify.org?format=json and print your public IP address.


Check response status codes for any URL and print "Page Found" if 200 or "Page Not Found" if 404.



6. Key Notes


GET request = fetch data (do not change server data)


Always check status code before using the response


Use .text for string content, .json() for JSON content


Can include parameters in the URL:


response = requests.get("https://httpbin.org/get?name=John&age=25")



The server will see name=John and age=25 as query parameters



5. Sending a POST Request
data = {"username": "test", "password": "12345"}
response = requests.post("https://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(response.status_code)
print(response.json())  # Converts response to JSON

Explanation:


requests.post(url, data=data) → Sends data to the server


response.json() → Converts response content to Python dictionary



6. Classwork Examples


Send a GET request to https://httpbin.org/get and print response text.


Send a POST request with name and age to https://httpbin.org/post and print JSON response.


Check the status code of https://api.github.com



7. Assignment Examples


Retrieve your IP address using https://api.ipify.org?format=json


Send login data (dummy) to https://httpbin.org/post and print response.


Handle a 404 page by checking response.status_code and printing a message "Page Not Found" if 404.



✅ Summary Notes


requests = HTTP client for Python


GET → Retrieve data


POST → Send data


Useful for APIs and web scraping


Always check status code before using response





Sending a POST Request in Python

1. What is a POST Request?


POST is a type of HTTP request used to send data to a server.


Unlike GET, POST is used to create, update, or submit data on the server.


Common uses:


Submitting a form online


Logging in to a website


Sending data to an API





2. Why Use POST Requests?


To send data securely


To submit forms or JSON data


Works with APIs that accept user input



3. How to Send a POST Request
Step 1: Import the requests module
import requests

Step 2: Create Data to Send
data = {"username": "testuser", "password": "12345"}

Explanation:


data is a Python dictionary that contains the information you want to send


Step 3: Send POST Request
response = requests.post("https://httpbin.org/post", data=data)

Explanation:


requests.post(url, data=data) → Sends the data to the server at the given URL


response → Stores the server’s reply



Step 4: Check Response Status
print(response.status_code)



200 → Success


Other codes → Something went wrong



Step 5: View Response Content
print(response.text)       # Raw response
print(response.json())     # Convert JSON response to Python dictionary

Explanation:


.text → Returns content as string


.json() → Returns content as Python dictionary (useful for APIs)



4. Example of a POST Request
import requests

# Data to send
data = {"username": "testuser", "password": "12345"}

# Send POST request
response = requests.post("https://httpbin.org/post", data=data)

# Check if request was successful
if response.status_code == 200:
    print("POST request successful!")
    print(response.json())  # Print JSON response from server
else:
    print("Request failed with status code:", response.status_code)

Output (example):
POST request successful!
{
  "args": {},
  "data": "",
  "files": {},
  "form": {
    "password": "12345",
    "username": "testuser"
  },
  "headers": { ... },
  "json": null,
  "url": "https://httpbin.org/post"
}


5. POST with JSON Data
import requests
import json

data = {"username": "testuser", "password": "12345"}
response = requests.post("https://httpbin.org/post", json=data)
print(response.json())

Explanation:


json=data → Sends data as JSON instead of form-encoded


Useful for APIs that expect JSON input



6. Classwork / Practice


Send a POST request to https://httpbin.org/post with name and age fields.


Send login details (username & password) using JSON and print server response.


Check the status code and print "Success" if 200 or "Failed" if not.



7. Key Notes


POST request = send data (unlike GET, which retrieves data)


Use data= for form data


Use json= for JSON data


Always check status code before processing response




5️⃣ Classwork Idea


Install numpy and pandas using pip


Create a numpy array of 5 numbers and print it


Create a pandas DataFrame with 2 columns: Name and Age, and print it



6️⃣ Assignment Idea


Install requests


Fetch data from https://api.github.com


Print the first 200 characters of the response



(c) Creating Your Own Module

Concept	File Handling	Requests
Source	File on your computer (`example.txt`)	Data on a server/website (`https://api.example.com/data`)
Action	`open("file.txt", "r")` → read file	`requests.get(url)` → fetch data from server
Writing	`open("file.txt", "w")` → write file	`requests.post(url, data=data)` → send data to server
Reading Content	`file.read()` → string from file	`response.text` → string from server
Using JSON	N/A (unless file has JSON)	`response.json()` → converts JSON response to dictionary
Closing / Cleanup	`file.close()` or `with open()`	No explicit close needed; `requests` handles it automatically
Analogy	Reading/writing a local document	Reading/writing online “document” from a server

Create a file called my_module.py

# my_module.py
def greet(name):
    print("Hello", name)

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

Use it in another file

# main.py
import my_module

my_module.greet("Amina")        # Hello Amina
print(my_module.add(5, 3))      # 8

🔹 5. Shortcut: Give Module a Nickname

import math as m

print(m.sqrt(64))  # 8.0

✅ Summary Table

Term	Meaning	Example
Module	File with code	`math`, `my_module.py`
Function in Module	Action inside module	`sqrt()`, `add()`
Built-in Module	Comes with Python	`random`, `datetime`
Custom Module	You create it	`my_module.py`

Classwork:

Create a package mypackage with 2 modules. Write one function in each module.

Assignment:

Import functions from both modules in a main file and use them.

🧭 WEEK LESSON PLAN: PYTHON PACKAGES (Simple Version)

📅 Days: Monday – Friday
👩‍🏫 Teacher-centered + Student practice
🎯 Goal: Help students understand, create, and use Python packages confidently.

🗓 MONDAY – Introduction to Python Packages

🧠 What to Teach

A module is one Python file (.py) that has code.
A package is a folder that contains many modules.
A package always has a special file named __init__.py.

👩‍🏫 Teacher Explanation

“A package helps us organize our Python programs neatly so we don’t keep all code in one file.”

💻 Example:

Create a folder called mathpackage
Inside the folder, make these files:

add.py

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

subtract.py

def subtract(a, b):
    return a - b

main.py

from mathpackage import add, subtract

print(add.add(3, 2))
print(subtract.subtract(5, 1))

✅ Output:

5
4

✍️ Classwork

Ask students to create a folder called greetpackage with one file greet.py that prints “Hello, World!”

🗓 TUESDAY – Why and Where We Use Packages

🧠 What to Teach

We use packages to keep our code organized.
Packages make it easy to share and reuse code.
Django uses many packages (e.g., django.urls, django.db).

💻 Example:

Create a folder called schoolpackage

student.py

def info(name):
    print("Student name is:", name)

result.py

def grade(score):
    if score >= 50:
        print("Pass")
    else:
        print("Fail")

main.py

from schoolpackage import student, result

student.info("Raheem")
result.grade(70)

✅ Output:

Student name is: Raheem
Pass

✍️ Classwork

Create a package called shop with a file that prints the name and price of an item.

🗓 WEDNESDAY – Using Built-in and External Packages

🧠 What to Teach

Python already comes with some packages like math and random.
You can also install other packages using pip.

💻 Example 1 (Built-in)

import random

print(random.randint(1, 10))  # prints a random number

✅ Output Example:

💻 Example 2 (Built-in)

import math

print(math.sqrt(16))  # square root of 16

✅ Output:

4.0

💻 Example 3 (External)

Install with:

pip install requests

Then run:

import requests

page = requests.get("https://www.google.com")
print(page.status_code)

✅ Output:

✍️ Classwork

Ask students to use the math package to find the square root of 25.

🗓 THURSDAY – Create and Use Your Own Package

🧠 What to Teach

You can create your own package to use in other projects.
A package can contain many .py files.

💻 Example Project: calc_tool

add.py

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

multiply.py

def multiply(a, b):
    return a * b

main.py

from calc_tool import add, multiply

print(add.add(4, 3))
print(multiply.multiply(5, 2))

✅ Output:

7
10

✍️ Student Project

Create a package called area_package
Inside, create:

rectangle.py → calculate area = length × width
circle.py → calculate area = π × r²

Then call both from main.py.

🗓 FRIDAY – Test and Review

✍️ Test (5 Questions)

What is a package in Python?
What is the difference between a module and a package?
Why do we use packages?
Write code to import student from a package called schoolpackage.
Create a simple package that has a module to print the square of a number.

✅ Answers

A package is a folder that contains one or more Python files (.py) and a special __init__.py file.
A module is one file; a package is a group of files.
We use packages to organize, reuse, and share code easily.

from schoolpackage import student

mysquare/square.py

def sqr(x):
    print(x * x)

main.py

from mysquare import square
square.sqr(5)

✅ Output:

💡 Teacher Tips

Start every day with 10 minutes review.
Let students type and run code themselves.
Ask them to explain in their own words what each line does.
End Friday with a 10-minute class discussion on how Django uses packages.

🧩 Topic: Library in Programming (Python)

💡 Class Level: Beginner Python Students

🗓️ Duration: 1 hour

🧠 Teaching Method: Student-Centered (learn-by-doing, discussion, examples, and group activity)

🏷️ Lesson Objectives

By the end of this class, students should be able to:

Explain what a library is in programming.
Identify why libraries are used.
Import and use a simple Python library.
Create a small project using a library.

🗣️ Introduction (10 mins)

Teacher asks:

“Have you ever used something made by someone else to make your work easier?”

Students respond (e.g., “Yes, like using a calculator or a template”).

Teacher explains:
A library in programming is like a collection of ready-made tools (functions and modules) created by others to help you solve problems faster.

📘 Main Content (25 mins)

1️⃣ What is a Library?

A library is a collection of pre-written code that you can use in your programs instead of writing everything from scratch.

2️⃣ Why We Use Libraries

To save time ⏱️
To reuse tested and reliable code
To make work easier (e.g., math, data analysis, web apps)

3️⃣ Examples of Python Libraries

Library	Purpose
`math`	For mathematical functions
`random`	For generating random numbers
`datetime`	For working with date and time
`os`	For interacting with your computer system
`requests`	For working with the internet (APIs)
`django`	For building websites

💻 Practical (Hands-on Example)

Teacher Demonstration:

# Using the math library
import math

print("Square root of 16 is:", math.sqrt(16))
print("Value of Pi is:", math.pi)

Students try:

import random

print("Random number between 1 and 10:", random.randint(1, 10))

🧩 Classwork

Ask each student to:

Import the datetime library.
Print today’s date.

import datetime
print("Today's date is:", datetime.date.today())

🧠 Mini Project

Create a simple "Lucky Number App" using random.

import random

name = input("Enter your name: ")
lucky_number = random.randint(1, 100)
print(name, ", your lucky number today is:", lucky_number)

🧾 Friday Test (with answers)

1️⃣ What is a library in Python?
Answer: A collection of pre-written code used to perform common tasks easily.

2️⃣ Name two reasons why we use libraries.
Answer: To save time and reuse reliable code.

3️⃣ Write a code that prints a random number between 5 and 20.
Answer:

import random
print(random.randint(5, 20))

4️⃣ Which library is used to work with dates and time?
Answer: datetime

Excellent 👏
Let’s continue our student-centered teaching with the next topic:

🧩 Topic: Frameworks in Python

💡 Class Level: Beginner–Intermediate

🗓️ Duration: 1 hour

🧠 Teaching Method: Student-Centered (discussion, demo, and practice)

🎯 Lesson Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Explain what a framework is in Python.
Differentiate between a library and a framework.
Mention examples of popular Python frameworks.
Build a simple example using a mini framework (like Flask).

🗣️ Introduction (10 mins)

Teacher asks:

“If libraries help us with small tools, what if we need a full structure for our program — like building a complete house instead of using just one tool?”

Students respond.

Teacher explains:
A framework is like a blueprint or foundation that helps you build big projects faster — especially websites, mobile apps, or APIs — using rules and ready-made structures.

📘 Main Content (25 mins)

1️⃣ What is a Framework?

A framework is a collection of libraries and tools that gives structure to your program.
It decides how you should build your project.

🧱 Example:

Libraries = tools (hammer, nails, wood).
Framework = house plan (where tools are used in a structured way).

2️⃣ Difference Between Library and Framework

Feature	Library	Framework
Control	You control when to use it	Framework controls your code flow
Purpose	Small helper tool	Complete project structure
Example	`math`, `random`	`Django`, `Flask`
Use	Specific tasks	Large applications

3️⃣ Examples of Python Frameworks

Framework	Used For
Django	Full web development framework
Flask	Lightweight web app framework
FastAPI	Building fast APIs
TensorFlow	Machine learning framework
Kivy	Mobile app framework

💻 Practical: Build a Simple Flask App

Teacher demonstrates:

# Step 1: Install Flask (only once)
# pip install flask

# Step 2: Create a simple web app
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def home():
    return "Hello Students! Welcome to Python Frameworks."

# Step 3: Run
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

Students run and open:
👉 http://127.0.0.1:5000

They should see the message on their browser.

🧩 Classwork

Ask each student to:

Change the message in the Flask app to their name (e.g., “Hello Raheem, welcome back!”)
Add another route /about that says “This is my first web app.”

💡 Mini Project

Build a “Student Greeting Web App”:

When the user goes to /, it says “Welcome to my App!”
When the user goes to /student, it says “Hello student, have a great day!”

🧾 Friday Test (with answers)

1️⃣ What is a framework in Python?
Answer: A structure that provides tools and rules to build big applications easily.

2️⃣ Give two examples of frameworks in Python.
Answer: Django, Flask.

3️⃣ Mention one difference between a library and a framework.
Answer: In a library, you control the code flow; in a framework, it controls you.

4️⃣ What command is used to install Flask?
Answer: pip install flask

5️⃣ What is the URL of a local Flask app?
Answer: http://127.0.0.1:5000

1. What is File Handling?

Meaning:
File handling is Python’s way of reading from and writing to files on your computer.

Think of it like this:

A file is like a notebook.
You can write in it, read from it, or update it using Python.

Why it’s important:

Save data for later (like student names, scores, or records)
Automate reports
Store and read large information without typing everything again

🔹 2. Types of File Operations

Open a file – To read, write, or append
Read a file – Get information from it
Write to a file – Add new information
Append to a file – Add information at the end without removing old data
Close a file – Always close after use to save changes

🔹 3. How to Open a File

file = open("myfile.txt", "mode")

Sure! Let’s break it down step by step in simple Nigerian English 😄

file = open("myfile.txt", "mode")

This line is used in Python to open a file so you can read from it, write to it, or append data.

🔹 Components Explained
file
This is a variable where we store the file object.
You can name it anything, like myfile, f, or data.
Example:
f = open("myfile.txt", "r")
open()
This is a built-in Python function that opens a file.
It takes two main arguments: the file name and the mode.
"myfile.txt"
This is the name of the file you want to work with.
It must be in the same folder as your Python program, or you need the full path.
Example with path:
file = open("C:/Users/Raheem/Documents/myfile.txt", "r")
"mode"
Mode tells Python how you want to use the file.
Common modes:



Mode
Meaning




"r"
Read only (file must exist)


"w"
Write (creates file if not exist, replaces old content)


"a"
Append (adds new content at the end)


"r+"
Read and write


"x"
Create new file (fails if file exists)


Example:
file = open("myfile.txt", "r")  # Open for reading
file = open("myfile.txt", "w")  # Open for writing
Using the File
After opening, you can read or write:
file.write("Hello Nigeria!")
content = file.read()
Always close the file after use:
file.close()

🔹 Shortcut: with Statement
This automatically closes the file for you:
with open("myfile.txt", "r") as file:
    content = file.read()
    print(content)
In short:

file = open("myfile.txt", "mode") → open a file called myfile.txt in a certain mode and store it in a variable called file so you can work with it.

Modes:

Mode	Meaning
`"r"`	Read only (file must exist)
`"w"`	Write (creates file if not exist, replaces old content)
`"a"`	Append (adds to the end)
`"r+"`	Read & write
`"x"`	Create new file (fails if file exists)

🔹 4. Reading Files

# Open file in read mode
file = open("myfile.txt", "r")

# Read whole file
content = file.read()
print(content)

# Read line by line
file.seek(0)  # go back to start
for line in file:
    print(line)

# Close file
file.close()

🔹 5. Writing to Files

# Open file in write mode
file = open("myfile.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello Nigeria!\n")
file.write("Python is fun!\n")
file.close()

Note: Using "w" replaces old content. Use "a" to keep old content.

# Append mode
file = open("myfile.txt", "a")
file.write("Adding more lines...\n")
file.close()

🔹 6. Using `with` Statement (Recommended)

Python allows a shortcut that automatically closes the file:

# Writing to a file
with open("myfile.txt", "w") as file:
    file.write("Hello, this is my file!")

# Reading from a file
with open("myfile.txt", "r") as file:
    content = file.read()
    print(content)

🔹 7. Example: Student Records

# Writing student names to a file
students = ["Amina", "John", "Mary"]

with open("students.txt", "w") as file:
    for student in students:
        file.write(student + "\n")

# Reading student names
with open("students.txt", "r") as file:
    for line in file:
        print("Student:", line.strip())

Output:

Student: Amina
Student: John
Student: Mary

✅ Summary Table

Operation	Example	What it Does
Open File	`open("file.txt", "r")`	Opens a file in mode r/w/a
Read File	`file.read()`	Reads all content
Write File	`file.write("text")`	Writes new content
Append File	`open("file.txt","a")`	Adds content at end
Close File	`file.close()`	Closes file to save changes
With Statement	`with open("file.txt","r") as f:`	Automatically handles open & close

File handling is very important because after this, you can store and use data in real-life projects, like:

Student scores
Inventory lists
Logs for apps

Week 1 Day 1:

What is Django?

Django is a tool (framework) in Python used to make websites and web apps.
It helps you do everything in one place: manage databases, create pages, handle users, and forms.

Simple idea: Django helps you make websites without starting from scratch.

Why Use Django?

Fast Development – Has built-in tools, so you can make websites quickly.
Secure – Protects against attacks like hacking or stealing data.
Scalable – Can handle small or very big websites.
Admin Panel – Gives a ready-made dashboard to manage data.
Uses Python – Easy to learn and understand.
Organized – Lets you reuse code and keep your project clean.
Community – Lots of help and tutorials are available online.

When to Use Django?

When building websites that change with user input (blogs, dashboards).
When building web apps (like school portals or e-commerce).
When you want to finish a website fast.
When building big or growing projects.
When your app uses databases to store data.

Examples: Instagram, Pinterest, Mozilla, Washington Post

Practical Example / Demonstration for Students

Goal:

Understand what Django is and see it in action.

Step 1: Install Django

Ask students to open terminal or command prompt and type:

pip install django

Observation: Students should see Django installing.
Point: Django is a tool in Python to make websites.

Step 2: Start a Django Project

django-admin startproject mysite
cd mysite

Observation: A new folder mysite is created with project files.
Point: Django organizes everything for your website automatically.

Step 3: Run the Server

python manage.py runserver

Open browser and go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Observation: They see the Django welcome page.
Point: Django can show webpages easily without writing complex code.

Step 4: Open Admin Panel (Optional)

python manage.py createsuperuser

Go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/ and log in.
Observation: Ready-made admin dashboard appears.
Point: Django gives a built-in dashboard to manage data.

Classwork

Ask students to explain in their own words what Django is.
Let them install Django on their computer.
Run a project and show the welcome page in a browser.
Discuss the built-in tools like admin panel and project structure.

Assignment

Write a short answer: What is Django? Use simple words.
List 3 reasons why Django is good for making websites.
List 2 websites that use Django (examples: Instagram, Pinterest).
Try creating a Django project and take a screenshot of the welcome page.

Day 2:Django Components

Models – Handle data and databases.
Views – Handle logic and what to show.
Templates – Handle design and front-end.
URLs – Connect web addresses to views.
Admin – Dashboard to manage data.
MVT Architecture – Structure (Model-View-Template).
Middleware – Process requests and responses.
Forms – Collect user input.
ORM – Use Python to work with databases.
Security – Protect the app.

Absolutely! Let me explain how Django components work together using a Student Management System analogy in a simple, beginner-friendly way without long code.

How Django Works – Student Management System Example

1️⃣ Models – The Student Records

What it is: The place where all student data is stored.
Analogy: Think of it as your school’s register or database.
- Each student has name, age, grade, and subjects.
Purpose: Keeps all student info organized so the system can access it easily.

2️⃣ Views – The Decision Maker

What it is: The part that decides what to show to the user.
Analogy: Imagine a school secretary:
- You ask for a student’s report, and the secretary fetches the right info from the register.
Purpose: Gets data from the register (Model) and sends it to the report page (Template).

3️⃣ Templates – The Webpage

What it is: The design and layout of what the user sees.
Analogy: Think of a report card or a notice board:
- Shows the student’s name, grade, and results in a readable format.
Purpose: Makes the data look nice and understandable, often using HTML, CSS, and JS.

4️⃣ URLs – The Address

What it is: The web address the user visits.
Analogy: Think of it as a classroom number or office door:
- /students/ → list of all students
- /students/1/ → details of student with ID 1
Purpose: Directs the user to the right View for the right page.

5️⃣ How It All Works Together

User visits a page (URL) – e.g., /students/.
URL maps to a View – decides which data to get.
View fetches data from Model – e.g., all students in the register.
View passes data to Template – student names, ages, and grades.
Template displays it in the browser with HTML structure, styled by CSS, maybe interactive with JS.

Visual Analogy – Student Management

Component	School Analogy	What It Does
Model	Student Register	Stores student data
View	School Secretary	Fetches info and decides what to show
Template	Report Card / Notice Board	Shows data nicely
URL	Classroom/Office Number	Guides you to the right place

✅ Example in Words:

You want to see Amina’s profile.
You go to URL /students/1/ → the system (View) checks the register (Model) → finds Amina’s info → sends it to the webpage (Template) → you see her name, age, grade displayed neatly.

Week Plan: Hello Django Web Page

Goal: Students will learn to create a simple Django web page using Views, Templates, URLs, and basic project structure.

Day 1: Python & Django Setup

Objective:

Install Python and Django
Set up virtual environment
Create Django project

1️⃣ What is Python?

Python is a popular programming language.
It’s easy to read and write, beginner-friendly, and used in web development, data science, AI, and more.
Example: You can write a simple program to say hello:


print("Hello, World!")

2️⃣ Why Install Python?

Python is required to run Django, because Django is built on Python.
It allows you to write and execute Python code on your computer.
You cannot use Django without Python installed.

3️⃣ How to Install Python

Step 1: Download Python

Go to https://www.python.org/downloads/
Click Download Python 3.x (latest version)

Step 2: Install Python

Windows: Run the installer and check the box “Add Python to PATH”
✅ This allows your computer to find Python from the terminal.
Mac/Linux: Python usually comes pre-installed. If not, use Homebrew (Mac) or apt (Linux).

Step 3: Verify Installation

Open your terminal (cmd on Windows, Terminal on Mac/Linux) and type:


python --version

Explanation:

python → command to run Python
--version → asks Python to show the version installed

✅ You should see something like: Python 3.12.0

4️⃣ What is Django?

Django is a Python framework for building websites.
It provides a ready-made structure (like a blueprint) to build web applications quickly.
With Django, you can make websites, blogs, e-commerce stores, and more without writing everything from scratch.

5️⃣ Why Install Django?

Django simplifies web development by handling:
- Routing (URLs to views)
- Database interactions
- Templates (HTML)
- User authentication
You don’t need to write all these from scratch.

6️⃣ How to Install Django

Step 1: Create a Virtual Environment (Recommended)


python -m venv myenv

Explanation:

python -m venv → tells Python to make a virtual environment (isolated workspace)
myenv → the name of your environment

✅ A virtual environment keeps your project isolated from other Python projects.

Step 2: Activate the Virtual Environment

Windows:


myenv\Scripts\activate

Mac/Linux:


source myenv/bin/activate

Explanation:

Activating the environment makes Python use packages installed only inside this project.
You’ll see (myenv) at the start of the terminal line after activation.

Step 3: Install Django


pip install django

Explanation:

pip → Python’s package manager (like App Store for Python tools)
install django → tells pip to download and install Django in the current virtual environment

Step 4: Verify Django Installation


django-admin --version

Explanation:

django-admin → command-line tool for Django
--version → shows the installed version

✅ You should see something like: 4.2.0

This means Django is ready to use!

7️⃣ Classwork Example

Open terminal
Create virtual environment:


python -m venv testenv

Activate it:

Windows:


testenv\Scripts\activate

Mac/Linux:


source testenv/bin/activate

Install Django:


pip install django

Verify:


django-admin --version

8️⃣ Assignment

Write 2 sentences explaining:
1. Why Python is needed for Django
2. Why we use a virtual environment
Screenshot the terminal showing Python and Django versions.

Classwork:

Check Python installation: python --version
Create a virtual environment:
```
python -m venv myenv
```
Activate virtual environment and install Django:
```
pip install django
```
Verify Django:
```
django-admin --version
```

Assignment:

Write 2–3 sentences explaining why we use virtual environments.
Create a folder called my_first_django for the project.

Day 2: Creating App & View

Objective:

Create a Django app
Understand Views and how they handle logic

Step-by-Step: Create Django App & Understand Views

1️⃣ What is a Django App?

A Django Project is the entire website.
An App is a module inside the project that handles a specific feature.
- Example: blog, shop, helloapp
You can have multiple apps in one project.

Why Apps?

Organizes code
Makes it reusable
Easier to maintain

2️⃣ Create a Django Project (If not done yet)

django-admin startproject helloproject
cd helloproject

Explanation:

startproject helloproject → creates a new Django project folder called helloproject
cd helloproject → moves into that folder

3️⃣ Create a Django App

python manage.py startapp helloapp

Explanation:

python manage.py → tells Python to run Django’s command tool
startapp helloapp → creates a new app called helloapp

Folder structure created:

helloapp/
    __init__.py
    admin.py
    apps.py
    models.py
    tests.py
    views.py
    migrations/

views.py → where we write the logic to control what the user sees
models.py → where we handle data (database)

4️⃣ Register App in Project

Open helloproject/settings.py → find INSTALLED_APPS → add 'helloapp',:

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'helloapp',  # Registering our app
]

Explanation:

Django needs to know about our app to include it in the project
This allows Django to manage URLs, templates, and models in helloapp

5️⃣ Create a View (Logic)

Open helloapp/views.py and add:

from django.shortcuts import render

def home(request):
    return render(request, 'hello.html')

Line-by-line explanation:

from django.shortcuts import render
- Imports render, a function that connects views to templates (HTML pages)
def home(request):
- Creates a function-based view called home
- request is information sent by the browser
return render(request, 'hello.html')
- Tells Django to show the template hello.html
- render automatically looks for templates inside the app’s templates folder

6️⃣ Create Template (HTML Page)

Inside helloapp/, create folder templates
Inside templates/, create file hello.html:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Hello Page</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Hello, Django World!</h1>
</body>
</html>

Explanation:

HTML defines what the user sees
h1 is a heading displayed on the page

7️⃣ Connect URL to View

(a) Create `helloapp/urls.py` (new file)

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.home, name='home'),
]

Explanation:

path('', views.home) → when user visits root URL, show home view
name='home' → optional name for referencing in templates

(b) Include App URLs in Project → `helloproject/urls.py`

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include('helloapp.urls')),  # Include app URLs
]

Explanation:

include('helloapp.urls') → tells Django to look into helloapp/urls.py for routing

8️⃣ Run Server and Test

python manage.py runserver

Open browser: http://127.0.0.1:8000/
You should see: Hello, Django World!

9️⃣ Classwork (Student-Centered)

Change <h1> text to “Hello, [Your Name]!”
Add another view called about and create about.html

10️⃣ Assignment

Create 2 more pages: contact and services
Each page should have a different message and heading
Update urls.py to include these pages

Do you want me to do that next?

Classwork:

Create app:
```
python manage.py startapp helloapp
```
Register app in settings.py (INSTALLED_APPS)
Create a view in helloapp/views.py:

from django.shortcuts import render

def home(request):
    return render(request, 'hello.html')

Assignment:

Create another view called about that will return a template about.html.

Day 3: Templates & URLs

Objective:

Understand Templates and HTML
Connect URLs to views

Perfect! Let’s do a student-friendly guide on Templates and HTML and connecting URLs to Views in Django, explaining what, why, and how with every line of code.

Django Templates & URLs: Beginner-Friendly Guide

1️⃣ What is a Template?

A Template is an HTML file that defines what the user sees on the web page.
In Django, Templates are connected to Views.
Templates can include text, images, links, and dynamic content.

Why use templates?

Separates design (HTML) from logic (Views)
Makes your website easier to maintain and update

2️⃣ What is a URL in Django?

A URL is the web address the user visits in the browser.
In Django, URLs are connected to Views which then decide what page to show.

Example:

http://127.0.0.1:8000/ → homepage
http://127.0.0.1:8000/about/ → about page

3️⃣ Step 1: Create Template Folder

Inside your app (helloapp/), create a folder called templates.

Folder structure:

helloapp/
    templates/
        hello.html
        about.html

4️⃣ Step 2: Create HTML Templates

home page template: hello.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Hello Page</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1 style="color: green; text-align:center;">Hello, Django World!</h1>
</body>
</html>

Explanation:

<html> → starts HTML page
<head> → contains meta info, title, CSS links
<title> → shows in browser tab
<body> → visible content
<h1> → heading text shown on page

about page template: about.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>About Page</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1 style="color: blue; text-align:center;">About This Django App</h1>
    <p>This app demonstrates Django Templates and URLs.</p>
</body>
</html>

Explanation:

<p> → paragraph text
This template will be shown when users visit /about/

5️⃣ Step 3: Update Views

Open helloapp/views.py and add:

from django.shortcuts import render

def home(request):
    return render(request, 'hello.html')

def about(request):
    return render(request, 'about.html')

Line-by-line explanation:

def home(request) → function for homepage
render(request, 'hello.html') → tells Django to show hello.html
def about(request) → function for about page
render(request, 'about.html') → tells Django to show about.html

6️⃣ Step 4: Connect URLs to Views

(a) App-level URLs: helloapp/urls.py

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.home, name='home'),          # Homepage
    path('about/', views.about, name='about'),  # About page
]

Explanation:

path('', views.home) → root URL shows home view
path('about/', views.about) → /about/ shows about view

(b) Project-level URLs: helloproject/urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include('helloapp.urls')),  # Include app URLs
]

Explanation:

include('helloapp.urls') → Django looks in helloapp/urls.py for routing
admin/ → default Django admin page

7️⃣ Step 5: Run Server

python manage.py runserver

Open browser: http://127.0.0.1:8000/ → homepage
Open browser: http://127.0.0.1:8000/about/ → about page

✅ You should see different content for each page.

8️⃣ Classwork (Student-Centered)

Change <h1> colors on both pages
Add a new page contact with message: “Contact us at contact@example.com”
Update views.py and urls.py for /contact/ page
Test in browser

9️⃣ Assignment

Create another page called services
Add a paragraph describing services
Update URLs and Views
Test all pages in browser

10️⃣ Summary

Component	Role
Template	HTML design (what user sees)
View	Logic (what template to show)
URL	Connects browser address to view

Classwork:

Create folder helloapp/templates
Create hello.html with:

<h1 style="color: green; text-align:center;">Hello, Django World!</h1>

Create urls.py in the app:

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.home, name='home'),
    path('about/', views.about, name='about'),
]

Include app URLs in helloproject/urls.py:

from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include('helloapp.urls')),
]

Assignment:

Change the color and text of <h1> in hello.html
Test /about page in browser

Day 4 (Friday): Mini Project

Objective:

Apply all learned concepts in a small project

Project: “Student Greeting Page”

Tasks for Students:

Modify home view to accept a name from the URL (use path('hello/<str:name>/'))
Display “Hello, [name]! Welcome to Django” in template
Add a new template about.html that describes the app
Test both pages in the browser

Example: views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

def home(request, name):
    return render(request, 'hello.html', {'name': name})

def about(request):
    return render(request, 'about.html')

Example: hello.html

<h1>Hello, {{ name }}! Welcome to Django</h1>

Example: urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    path('hello/<str:name>/', views.home, name='home'),
    path('about/', views.about, name='about'),
]

Class Activity:

Each student tests their own name
Change colors, font size, and add styles

Reflection:

“What did I learn about Views, Templates, and URLs?”
“Which part was most exciting?”

Models

What: Python class that represents a database table.
Why: Avoid SQL, organize data, work with forms and admin.
Learn before: Python classes, field types, database basics, migrations.

Day 1: Introduction to Django Models (Simple Version)

Learning Goal for Today:

Understand what a Django model is
Learn the parts of a model (class, fields)
Create a simple model with one table

1. Teacher Explanation

What is a Model?

Think of a model as a box that holds information.
Each thing you store in the box is called a field.
Example: Student box → name, age, grade

Why Models Are Important:

They create database tables automatically.
You can save, update, and read data easily using Python.

Components of a Model (Simple):

Component	What it Means
Class Name	Name of the box/table (`Student`)
Fields	Things inside the box (`name`, `age`, `grade`)
Methods (Optional)	Actions the box can do (like check if a student is passing)

2. Simple Code Example

from django.db import models

# This is our first box (table)
class Student(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)  # A text field for student name
    age = models.IntegerField()              # A number field for student age
    grade = models.CharField(max_length=2)   # A text field for grade, e.g., "A", "B"

# Optional method to check if student is passing
    def is_passing(self):
        return self.grade in ['A', 'B', 'C']

Explanation for Students:

· from django.db import models → Brings in tools needed to make models.
·         Parameters: None
· class Student(models.Model): → Creates a table called Student.
·         Parameters: models.Model → Inherits database model behavior, enabling Django to treat it as a table.
· name = models.CharField(max_length=100) → Text field for student name.
·         Parameters: max_length=100 → Maximum number of characters allowed in the field.
· age = models.IntegerField() → Number field for student age.
·         Parameters: Optional parameters include default, null, blank (e.g., age = models.IntegerField(default=0)).
· grade = models.CharField(max_length=2) → Text field for grade (like "A").
·         Parameters: max_length=2 → Maximum of 2 characters allowed. Optional parameters: default, choices, null, blank.
· def is_passing(self): → Function inside the model to check if the student is passing.
·         Parameters: self → Refers to the current student object.
· return self.grade in ['A', 'B', 'C'] → Returns True if grade is A, B, or C; otherwise False.

·         Parameters: self.grade → Accesses the grade of the current student object; ['A', 'B', 'C'] → List of passing grades.

3. Student Activities (Hands-On)

Draw the Box:

+------------------+
|    Student Box    |
|------------------|
| name             |
| age              |
| grade            |
+------------------+

Type the Code:

Open models.py in your Django app
Copy the Student model above

Think and Discuss:

Ask: “What grade is passing?”
Ask: “What other fields can we add? Email? Attendance?”

4. Mini Task / Assignment

Task: Create a simple Book box (model)

from django.db import models

class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    author = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    year = models.IntegerField()

Draw a diagram of your Book box.
Optional: Add a method to check if the book is new (published after 2020):

def is_new(self):
    return self.year > 2020

5. Key Points to Remember

A model = a Python class = a table in the database
Fields = columns in the table
Methods = actions the table can do
Use simple field types: CharField (text), IntegerField (numbers)

✅ Outcome for Day 1:

Students can explain what a model is
Students can write a simple model with 2–3 fields
Students can draw a diagram showing the model and its fields

Perfect! Let’s focus on Day 2: Creating and Migrating Models in Django. I’ll break it down line by line, step by step, with teacher and student activities, and beginner-friendly explanations.

Day 2: Creating and Migrating Models

Topic: Turning Django Models into Database Tables

Learning Goal for Today:
By the end of the day, students should be able to:

Understand what migrations are
Create database tables from models
Add records (rows) to tables
See the data in Django shell

1. Teacher Explanation

What is a Migration?

Analogy: “You made a box on paper (your model). Now you need to put it on a real shelf (database). Migrations do that for you.”
Migrations tell Django:
- “I have a new table”
- “I added/removed a field”
- “Update the database structure”

Key Commands for Migrations

Command	Purpose
`python manage.py makemigrations`	Create migration files based on your models
`python manage.py migrate`	Apply migrations to the database and create tables

Why Use Django Shell?

Shell is like a playground for your models
You can create, update, delete, and query data using Python

2. Step-by-Step Demonstration

Example: Using the Student model from Day 1

Step 1: Make Migrations

python manage.py makemigrations

Explanation:

Django looks at your models and prepares instructions to create database tables.

Step 2: Apply Migrations

python manage.py migrate

Explanation:

Django runs the instructions and creates the tables in your database.

Step 3: Open Django Shell

python manage.py shell

Explanation:

Opens an interactive Python shell to play with your models.

Step 4: Create Records

from myapp.models import Student  # Import the Student model
s1 = Student(name="Alice", age=15, grade="A")  # Create a Student object
s1.save()  # Save it to the database

# Or in one line
Student.objects.create(name="Bob", age=16, grade="B")

Step 5: Check Records

Student.objects.all()  # Shows all students in the database

3. Student Activities (Hands-On)

Teacher Demo: Run makemigrations and migrate in terminal
Students Try:
- Run the commands themselves
- Open Django shell and create 2 students
- Use Student.objects.all() to see their records
Discussion:
- “What happens if you forget to run migrate?” → Tables won’t exist, and data cannot be saved.
- “Why do we need makemigrations before migrate?” → makemigrations creates the instructions; migrate executes them

4. Mini Task / Assignment

Task 1: Create a Teacher model:

from django.db import models

class Teacher(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    subject = models.CharField(max_length=50)

Make migrations and migrate the model
Add 2 teachers using Django shell
Check all records using Teacher.objects.all()

Task 2 (Optional Advanced):

Create a Book model from Day 1
Add 3 books and display them in Django shell

5. Key Points to Remember

Models = blueprint for tables
makemigrations → Creates instructions for changes
migrate → Applies instructions to the database
shell → Safe playground to interact with models
save() → Saves a model instance to the database
objects.create() → Shortcut to create and save in one step

✅ Outcome for Day 2:
By the end of the day, students can:

Run migrations to create tables from models
Add, view, and check records using Django shell
Explain the purpose of makemigrations and migrate

Perfect! Since you’re using VS Code, we can adapt Day 3 activities to it, step by step, so everything works inside VS Code. I’ll explain exactly what to do.

Day 3: Querying and Updating Models (Django ORM) in VS Code

1. Open Your Django Project in VS Code

Open VS Code.
Go to File → Open Folder → Select your Django project folder.
Make sure your terminal is open in VS Code (View → Terminal).

2. Open Django Shell in VS Code Terminal

python manage.py shell

This opens the interactive Python shell inside your project.
You can now play with your models directly.

3. Import Your Models

from myapp.models import Student

Replace myapp with your app’s name.
This makes the Student model available in the shell.

4. Query Records

Get all students:

Student.objects.all()

Filter students with grade A:

Student.objects.filter(grade="A")

Get a specific student by ID:

s1 = Student.objects.get(id=1)

s1 is now a single student object you can update or delete.

5. Update Records

s1.grade = "B"  # Change the grade
s1.save()       # Save changes to the database

Always call .save() after changing a field to update the database.

6. Delete Records

s1.delete()  # Deletes this student from the database

This removes the record completely.

7. Practice in VS Code Terminal

Retrieve all students: Student.objects.all()
Filter by grade: Student.objects.filter(grade="A")
Pick a student: s1 = Student.objects.get(id=1)
Update the student: s1.grade = "B"; s1.save()
Delete a student: s1.delete()

Watch the output after each command in the VS Code terminal.

8. Mini Task / Assignment (VS Code)

Task 1:

Use the Teacher model from Day 2:
- Retrieve all teachers
- Filter teachers by subject
- Update a teacher’s subject
- Delete a teacher record

Task 2 (Optional Advanced):

Use the Book model from Day 1:
- Filter books published after 2020
- Update a book title
- Delete a book record

9. Key Points for VS Code Users

You can do everything in VS Code terminal.
Always run python manage.py shell to test queries.
Use autocomplete in VS Code (press Tab) to explore methods like .all(), .filter(), .save().
Remember: .save() = update database; .delete() = remove record

✅ Outcome in VS Code:

Students can query, filter, update, and delete records using Django ORM in VS Code.
They can see live results immediately in the terminal.

Perfect! Let’s focus on Day 4: Relationships Between Models and Methods in Django. I’ll break it down step by step, line by line, with teacher and student activities, beginner-friendly explanations, and simple code examples.

Day 4: Relationships Between Models and Methods (Django)

Topic: Connecting Models and Adding Methods

Learning Goal for Today:
By the end of the day, students should be able to:

Understand relationships between models (One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many)
Create related models in Django
Write methods inside models to perform tasks
Use Django shell to test relationships and methods

1. Teacher Explanation

1.1 Why Relationships?

Analogy:
- “A student belongs to a class, and a class has many students. A teacher teaches many classes.”
Relationships allow us to link models and organize data better.

1.2 Types of Relationships

Relationship	Django Field	Example
One-to-One	`OneToOneField`	Each student has one unique profile
One-to-Many	`ForeignKey`	One teacher teaches many students
Many-to-Many	`ManyToManyField`	A student can enroll in many courses, and a course has many students

1.3 Methods in Models

Methods are functions inside a model that perform actions on that model.
Examples:
- def is_passing(self) → Checks if a student’s grade is passing
- def full_name(self) → Returns full name of a teacher

2. Step-by-Step Code Example

Step 1: Create Related Models

from django.db import models

# Teacher model
class Teacher(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    subject = models.CharField(max_length=50)

# Student model with relationship to Teacher
class Student(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    age = models.IntegerField()
    grade = models.CharField(max_length=2)
    teacher = models.ForeignKey(Teacher, on_delete=models.CASCADE)  # One teacher → Many students

    # Method to check if student is passing
    def is_passing(self):
        return self.grade in ['A', 'B', 'C']

Step 2: Explain Line by Line

teacher = models.ForeignKey(Teacher, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
- Creates a One-to-Many relationship: One teacher teaches many students.
- on_delete=models.CASCADE → If the teacher is deleted, all their students are deleted too.
def is_passing(self):
- Method to check if student’s grade is A, B, or C.

3. Student Activities (Hands-On)

Make Migrations and Migrate

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

Test Relationships in Django Shell

from myapp.models import Teacher, Student

# Create a teacher
t1 = Teacher.objects.create(name="Mr. John", subject="Math")

# Create students for this teacher
s1 = Student.objects.create(name="Alice", age=15, grade="A", teacher=t1)
s2 = Student.objects.create(name="Bob", age=16, grade="B", teacher=t1)

# Check teacher of a student
s1.teacher.name  # Output: "Mr. John"

# Get all students of a teacher
t1.student_set.all()  # Returns a queryset of students

Test Methods

s1.is_passing()  # Returns True
s2.is_passing()  # Returns True

4. Mini Task / Assignment

Task 1:

Create a Course model with fields: title, description
Create a Many-to-Many relationship with Student
Add 2 courses and assign multiple students to each course

Task 2 (Optional Advanced):

Add a method student_count(self) in Teacher model that returns number of students taught by that teacher:

def student_count(self):
    return self.student_set.count()

5. Key Points to Remember

Relationships help link models logically
ForeignKey → One-to-Many
OneToOneField → One-to-One
ManyToManyField → Many-to-Many
Methods inside models perform tasks and return information
Always test relationships and methods in Django shell

✅ Outcome for Day 4:
By the end of the day, students can:

Create related models using One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many
Write methods inside models to check or calculate information
Retrieve related objects in Django shell
Understand how models, relationships, and methods work together

Perfect! Let’s plan Friday: Mini Project – School Management System in a step-by-step, beginner-friendly way, using everything learned from Days 1–4. I’ll include teacher activities, student activities, and a full guide with code examples.

Friday: Mini Project – School Management System

Project Goal:

Build a simple School Management System in Django using models, relationships, and methods learned earlier.
Students will create models, add relationships, test data, and write methods.

1. Teacher Explanation

Project Overview:

Models: Teacher, Student, Course
Relationships:
- One teacher → Many students (ForeignKey)
- Many students ↔ Many courses (ManyToManyField)
Methods:
- is_passing() → Check if student is passing
- student_count() → Number of students a teacher teaches

Steps for Students:

Create models
Make and apply migrations
Add sample data in Django shell
Query and update data
Test methods

2. Step-by-Step Code Example

Step 1: Create Models (`models.py`)

from django.db import models

# Teacher model
class Teacher(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    subject = models.CharField(max_length=50)

    # Method to count students
    def student_count(self):
        return self.student_set.count()

# Course model
class Course(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    description = models.TextField()

# Student model
class Student(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    age = models.IntegerField()
    grade = models.CharField(max_length=2)
    teacher = models.ForeignKey(Teacher, on_delete=models.CASCADE)  # One-to-Many
    courses = models.ManyToManyField(Course)                        # Many-to-Many

    # Method to check if student is passing
    def is_passing(self):
        return self.grade in ['A', 'B', 'C']

Step 2: Make Migrations and Migrate

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

Creates database tables for Teacher, Student, and Course.

Step 3: Add Sample Data (Django Shell)

from myapp.models import Teacher, Student, Course

# Create teachers
t1 = Teacher.objects.create(name="Mr. John", subject="Math")
t2 = Teacher.objects.create(name="Mrs. Mary", subject="English")

# Create courses
c1 = Course.objects.create(title="Algebra", description="Basic Algebra course")
c2 = Course.objects.create(title="Grammar", description="English Grammar course")

# Create students
s1 = Student.objects.create(name="Alice", age=15, grade="A", teacher=t1)
s2 = Student.objects.create(name="Bob", age=16, grade="B", teacher=t1)
s3 = Student.objects.create(name="Charlie", age=14, grade="D", teacher=t2)

# Assign students to courses
s1.courses.add(c1)
s2.courses.add(c1, c2)
s3.courses.add(c2)

Step 4: Query and Test Methods

# Check students of Mr. John
t1.student_set.all()  # Returns [Alice, Bob]

# Check if students are passing
s1.is_passing()  # True
s3.is_passing()  # False

# Check courses for Bob
s2.courses.all()  # Returns [Algebra, Grammar]

# Count students for a teacher
t1.student_count()  # 2

3. Student Activities (Hands-On)

Create models (Teacher, Student, Course) with relationships
Make migrations and migrate to create tables
Add sample data in Django shell
Test queries: filter students, check passing status, list courses
Update and delete records as needed

4. Mini Tasks / Assignment

Add another method in Student model to return full info:

def full_info(self):
    return f"{self.name}, Age: {self.age}, Grade: {self.grade}, Teacher: {self.teacher.name}"

Add another method in Course to list all students in that course:

def students_enrolled(self):
    return self.student_set.all()

Bonus: Add more students, teachers, and courses, and experiment with queries.

5. Key Points to Remember

Models define tables
Relationships (ForeignKey, ManyToManyField) connect tables
Methods in models perform actions on data
Django shell is your testing playground

✅ Outcome for Friday Project:

Students can build a mini School Management System
Understand models, relationships, and methods
Can add, update, query, and delete data using Django ORM

Views

What: Python function or class that decides what data to show.
Why: Connect models (data) to templates (HTML), make app dynamic.
Learn before: Python functions/classes, models, templates, URLs.

Absolutely! Let’s make a student-centered teaching note for Introduction to Django Views, complete with what it is, why, where, components, examples, exercises with solutions, and assignment. This is structured so you can teach directly without thinking.

🗓️ Day 1: Introduction to Django Views

Topic: Introduction to Django Views
Level: Beginner / Student-Centered Learning
Tools: VS Code, Python, Django installed

1. Lesson Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Explain what a View is in Django.
Describe why Django Views are needed.
Identify the components of a Django View.
Create a simple Django View and link it to a URL.

2. What is a Django View?

A View is the brain or decision-maker in a Django application.

It receives user requests (like visiting a webpage).
Processes the request (can fetch data from database, check logic).
Returns a response (text, HTML page, or JSON).

📍 Nigerian Analogy:
Imagine a restaurant:

You (user) place an order.
The waiter (View) checks what you want, goes to the kitchen (Model) and brings your food (Response).
Without the waiter (View), you wouldn’t get your meal.

3. Why We Need Django Views

Control Responses – Decide what the user sees on each page.
Process Requests – Handle form submissions, URL actions, or clicks.
Connect Templates & Data – Show HTML pages with dynamic content.
Separate Logic – Keeps code organized; View handles logic, Templates handle presentation.

4. Where Views Are Used

Views are used everywhere in a Django app whenever you want to:

Display a webpage (Homepage, About, Services).
Show database data (List of students, products).
Handle forms (Contact forms, login forms).
Return JSON data (APIs).

5. Components of a Django View

Component	Description	Example
Function or Class	The core piece that receives requests	`def home(request)` or `class HomeView(View)`
Request Object	Automatically passed; contains info about the user request	`request.method` shows GET/POST
Response Object	What you send back to the user	`HttpResponse("Hello")`
Template (Optional)	HTML page to render content nicely	`render(request, 'home.html', context)`
Context (Optional)	Data passed to template	`context = {'name':'Amina'}`

6. Simple Example: Function-Based View

Step 1: Create a view

# views.py
from django.http import HttpResponse

def home(request):
    return HttpResponse("Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre")

Step 2: Connect view to URL

# urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.home, name='home'),
]

✅ Result: Visiting http://127.0.0.1:8000/ shows:
“Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre”

7. Simple Class-Based View Example

# views.py
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.views import View

class HomeView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        return HttpResponse("Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre (Class-Based)")

URL Mapping:

from django.urls import path
from .views import HomeView

urlpatterns = [
    path('', HomeView.as_view(), name='home'),
]

✅ .as_view() converts the class into a callable view.

8. Exercises (Classwork)

Create a Function-Based View called about that displays:
“This is Nobigdeal ICT Training Centre in Kubwa, Abuja.”
Connect it to /about/ URL.
Create a Class-Based View called services that displays:
“Services: Training, Printing, Online Registration”
Connect it to /services/ URL.

9. Solutions to Exercises

Function-Based View:

def about(request):
    return HttpResponse("This is Nobigdeal ICT Training Centre in Kubwa, Abuja")

Class-Based View:

class ServicesView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        return HttpResponse("Services: Training, Printing, Online Registration")

URLs:

urlpatterns = [
    path('about/', views.about, name='about'),
    path('services/', ServicesView.as_view(), name='services'),
]

10. Homework / Assignment

Create a view contact that displays:
“Call us at 0803-000-0000 or email: nobigdeal@gmail.com”
Connect it to /contact/.
Optional: Create a GalleryView (Class-Based) showing:
“See photos from our previous training sessions.”

11. Summary Table for Students

Term	Meaning (Nigeria Example)	Example
View	Decision-maker of a page	`home(request)`
Request	User input or page visit	`request.method`
Response	What user sees	`HttpResponse("Hello")`
Function-Based View	Simple function handling request	`def home(request): ...`
Class-Based View	Class handling request	`class HomeView(View)`
Template	HTML page to render content	`home.html`
Context	Data passed to template	`{'name': 'Amina'}`

✅ Teacher Tip:

Use Nigerian-friendly examples (Nobigdeal Training Centre, Kubwa, Danfo, Market).
Show both FBV and CBV side by side to explain differences.
Emphasize .as_view() for class-based views.

Perfect! Let’s create a student-centered teaching note for Function-Based Views (FBV) in Django, fully detailed with what it is, why, components, examples, exercises with solutions, and assignment.

🗓️ Day 2: Function-Based Views (FBV)

Topic: Function-Based Views in Django
Level: Beginner / Student-Centered Learning
Tools: VS Code, Python, Django installed

1. Lesson Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Explain what a Function-Based View (FBV) is.
Create and use FBVs in a Django project.
Connect FBVs to URLs.
Display simple text and dynamic content using FBVs.

2. What is a Function-Based View (FBV)?

A Function-Based View is a normal Python function that receives a request and returns a response.

📍 Analogy (Nigeria Example):
Think of an FBV as a waiter in a restaurant:

A customer (user) comes in.
The waiter (FBV function) receives the request, checks what the customer wants, and brings the food (response).

3. Why We Use FBVs

Simple and Easy – Great for small projects and beginners.
Organized Code – Keeps logic for each page in its own function.
Quick to Test – Easy to run and see results in the browser.

4. Components of a Function-Based View

Component	Description	Example
Function	The Python function that handles a request	`def home(request):`
Request Object	Automatically passed; contains info about the user request	`request.method`
Response Object	What is returned to the user	`HttpResponse("Hello World")`
Context (Optional)	Data passed to a template	`context = {'name': 'Amina'}`
Template (Optional)	HTML page for display	`render(request, 'home.html', context)`

5. Basic Example of FBV

views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse

def home(request):
    return HttpResponse("Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre")

urls.py

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.home, name='home'),
]

✅ Result:
Visiting http://127.0.0.1:8000/ displays:
“Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre”

6. FBV with Multiple Pages

views.py

def about(request):
    return HttpResponse("We train students in ICT, Graphics, and Coding.")

def services(request):
    return HttpResponse("Our services: Training, Printing, Online Registration")

urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    path('about/', views.about, name='about'),
    path('services/', views.services, name='services'),
]

✅ Result:

/about/ → About page
/services/ → Services page

7. FBV with Template and Context

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

def home(request):
    context = {'title': 'Welcome', 'centre': 'Nobigdeal Training Centre'}
    return render(request, 'home.html', context)

home.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>{{ title }}</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>{{ centre }}</h1>
</body>
</html>

✅ Result:
Displays nicely formatted HTML page with dynamic content.

8. Classwork / Exercises

Create a Function-Based View contact that displays:
“Call us at 0803-000-0000 or email nobigdeal@gmail.com”
Connect it to /contact/.
Create another FBV gallery that displays:
“Check our previous training session photos.”
Bonus: Add a context dictionary to home page to show a dynamic welcome message like:
“Welcome, [Your Name] to Nobigdeal Training Centre!”

9. Solutions / Example Code

views.py

def contact(request):
    return HttpResponse("Call us at 0803-000-0000 or email nobigdeal@gmail.com")

def gallery(request):
    return HttpResponse("Check our previous training session photos.")

urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    path('contact/', views.contact, name='contact'),
    path('gallery/', views.gallery, name='gallery'),
]

FBV with Context Example

def home(request):
    context = {'message': 'Welcome, Amina, to Nobigdeal Training Centre!'}
    return render(request, 'home.html', context)

home.html

<h1>{{ message }}</h1>

10. Homework / Assignment

Create a Function-Based View called about that displays:
“Nobigdeal Training Centre is the best ICT training centre in Abuja.”
Create a page /services/ showing 3 services:
- ICT Training
- Graphic Design
- Online Registration
Optional: Use context dictionary to pass your name dynamically to a template.

11. Summary Table

Term	Meaning (Nigeria Example)	Example
Function-Based View (FBV)	A Python function handling requests	`def home(request)`
Request	User input or visit	`request.method`
Response	What user sees	`HttpResponse("Hello")`
Template	HTML page	`home.html`
Context	Data passed to template	`{'name': 'Amina'}`

✅ Teacher Tip:

Show FBVs first before moving to Class-Based Views (CBVs).
Emphasize connecting views to URLs.
Encourage students to test each page in browser.

Perfect! Let’s create a student-centered teaching note for Class-Based Views (CBV) in Django, fully detailed with what it is, why, components, examples, classwork, exercises with solutions, and assignment.

🗓️ Day 3: Class-Based Views (CBV)

Topic: Class-Based Views in Django
Level: Beginner / Student-Centered Learning
Tools: VS Code, Python, Django installed

1. Lesson Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Explain what a Class-Based View (CBV) is.
Create and use CBVs in a Django project.
Understand the .as_view() method.
Compare CBVs with Function-Based Views (FBV).

2. What is a Class-Based View (CBV)?

A Class-Based View uses a Python class instead of a function to handle requests.

📍 Nigerian Analogy:
Think of CBV as a restaurant supervisor:

The customer (user) comes in.
The supervisor (CBV class) has multiple staff (methods) for different tasks.
The supervisor can delegate tasks like serving food, cleaning, or taking orders (GET, POST requests).

3. Why Use CBVs

Organized Code – Methods inside a class group related logic together.
Reusable – Can inherit logic from other CBVs for similar pages.
Handles Multiple Request Types – Separate methods for GET, POST, PUT, DELETE.
Good for Large Projects – Neater and easier to maintain than many FBVs.

4. Components of a CBV

Component	Description	Example
Class	Python class representing the view	`class HomeView(View):`
Methods	Functions inside the class for request types	`def get(self, request):`
Request Object	Passed automatically to methods	`request.method`
Response	Returned to the user	`HttpResponse("Hello")`
.as_view()	Converts class into a callable view	`HomeView.as_view()`
Template / Context	Optional, for rendering HTML pages	`render(request, 'home.html', context)`

5. Simple CBV Example

views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.views import View

class HomeView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        return HttpResponse("Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre (Class-Based)")

urls.py

from django.urls import path
from .views import HomeView

urlpatterns = [
    path('', HomeView.as_view(), name='home'),
]

✅ Result: Visiting / displays:
“Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre (Class-Based)”

6. CBV Handling Multiple Pages

views.py

class AboutView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        return HttpResponse("We train students in ICT, Graphics, and Coding.")

class ServicesView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        return HttpResponse("Services: Training, Printing, Online Registration")

urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    path('about/', AboutView.as_view(), name='about'),
    path('services/', ServicesView.as_view(), name='services'),
]

✅ Result:

/about/ → About page
/services/ → Services page

7. CBV with Template and Context

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.views import View

class HomeView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        context = {'title': 'Welcome', 'centre': 'Nobigdeal Training Centre'}
        return render(request, 'home.html', context)

home.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>{{ title }}</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>{{ centre }}</h1>
</body>
</html>

✅ Result: Displays HTML page with dynamic content using context.

8. Classwork / Exercises

Convert the Day 2 FBV contact page into a Class-Based View.
Create a CBV gallery that displays:
“Check our previous training session photos.”
Optional: Add a context dictionary to home page showing:
“Welcome, [Your Name] to Nobigdeal Training Centre!”

9. Solutions / Example Code

CBV Contact Page

class ContactView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        return HttpResponse("Call us at 0803-000-0000 or email nobigdeal@gmail.com")

CBV Gallery Page

class GalleryView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        return HttpResponse("Check our previous training session photos.")

URLs

urlpatterns = [
    path('contact/', ContactView.as_view(), name='contact'),
    path('gallery/', GalleryView.as_view(), name='gallery'),
]

CBV with Context

class HomeView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        context = {'message': 'Welcome, Amina, to Nobigdeal Training Centre!'}
        return render(request, 'home.html', context)

home.html

<h1>{{ message }}</h1>

10. Homework / Assignment

Create a CBV about that displays:
“Nobigdeal Training Centre is the best ICT training centre in Abuja.”
Create a CBV services page showing 3 services:

ICT Training
Graphic Design
Online Registration

Optional: Use a context dictionary to pass your name dynamically to a template.

11. Summary Table

Term	Meaning (Nigeria Example)	Example
Class-Based View (CBV)	Python class handling requests	`class HomeView(View)`
Methods	Functions inside the class for GET/POST	`def get(self, request):`
Request	User input or visit	`request.method`
Response	What user sees	`HttpResponse("Hello")`
.as_view()	Converts class into callable view	`HomeView.as_view()`
Template	HTML page	`home.html`
Context	Data passed to template	`{'name': 'Amina'}`

✅ Teacher Tip:

Show FBV vs CBV side by side to explain differences.
Emphasize .as_view() is required for CBVs.
Encourage students to test each CBV in the browser and try adding dynamic content.

Perfect! Let’s create a student-centered teaching note for Django Views and Templates, fully detailed with what they are, why, components, examples, classwork, exercises with solutions, and assignment.

🗓️ Day 4: Views and Templates

Topic: Connecting Views to Templates in Django
Level: Beginner / Student-Centered Learning
Tools: VS Code, Python, Django installed

1. Lesson Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Explain what a Template is in Django.
Connect Views to Templates.
Pass dynamic data from Views to Templates.
Render HTML pages with content using context dictionaries.

2. What is a Template?

A Template is an HTML file that defines how a page should look.

It separates presentation (HTML) from logic (Python/Django).
Templates use placeholders for dynamic data passed from Views.

📍 Nigerian Analogy:
Think of a Template as a menu card in a restaurant:

The card (template) shows how the dishes will appear.
The waiter (View) fills in the details (dynamic data) like today’s special or customer name.

3. Why Use Templates

Separation of Concerns – Keeps HTML separate from Python logic.
Reusable HTML – One template can be reused with different data.
Dynamic Content – Makes pages interactive using data from the database.
Clean and Organized Code – Easier to maintain large projects.

4. Components of Views + Templates

Component	Description	Example
View	Handles the request and prepares data	`def home(request):`
Template	HTML file for rendering the page	`home.html`
Context Dictionary	Data passed from View to Template	`context = {'name': 'Amina'}`
render() function	Connects View to Template	`render(request, 'home.html', context)`
Placeholders	Where dynamic data appears in Template	`{{ name }}`

5. Simple Example: Rendering a Template

Step 1: Create View

# views.py
from django.shortcuts import render

def home(request):
    context = {'centre': 'Nobigdeal Training Centre', 'city': 'Abuja'}
    return render(request, 'home.html', context)

Step 2: Create Template

home.html (inside templates folder)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Home Page</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Welcome to {{ centre }}</h1>
    <p>Located in {{ city }}</p>
</body>
</html>

Step 3: Connect URL

# urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.home, name='home'),
]

✅ Result:
Visiting / displays:

Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre
Located in Abuja

6. Passing Dynamic Data

views.py

def student_profile(request):
    student = {'name': 'Amina', 'age': 12, 'grade': 'A'}
    return render(request, 'profile.html', {'student': student})

profile.html

<h2>Student Profile</h2>
<p>Name: {{ student.name }}</p>
<p>Age: {{ student.age }}</p>
<p>Grade: {{ student.grade }}</p>

✅ Result:

Student Profile
Name: Amina
Age: 12
Grade: A

7. Classwork / Exercises

Create a View about that renders about.html template showing:
“We train students in ICT, Graphics, and Coding.”
Create a View services passing a list of services to services.html template and display them using a for loop.
Optional: Create a View contact passing phone and email to contact.html and render dynamically.

8. Solutions / Example Code

views.py

def about(request):
    return render(request, 'about.html', {'centre': 'Nobigdeal Training Centre'})

def services(request):
    services_list = ['ICT Training', 'Graphic Design', 'Online Registration']
    return render(request, 'services.html', {'services': services_list})

def contact(request):
    contact_info = {'phone': '0803-000-0000', 'email': 'nobigdeal@gmail.com'}
    return render(request, 'contact.html', {'contact': contact_info})

services.html

<h1>Our Services</h1>
<ul>
{% for service in services %}
    <li>{{ service }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

contact.html

<h1>Contact Us</h1>
<p>Phone: {{ contact.phone }}</p>
<p>Email: {{ contact.email }}</p>

9. Homework / Assignment

Create a View gallery and template gallery.html that displays 3 images of previous training sessions.
Optional: Pass your name dynamically to the home page using context and display:
“Welcome, [Your Name], to Nobigdeal Training Centre!”

10. Summary Table

Term	Meaning (Nigeria Example)	Example
Template	HTML file for display	`home.html`
Context	Data passed from View to Template	`{'name': 'Amina'}`
render()	Connects View to Template	`render(request, 'home.html', context)`
Placeholder	Where dynamic data appears in Template	`{{ name }}`
View	Handles logic and data	`def home(request):`

✅ Teacher Tip:

Emphasize separation of logic and presentation.
Show dynamic content using context dictionaries.
Encourage students to experiment with loops and conditions in templates.

Next, we can prepare Friday Assessment / Mini Project:

Combine FBV, CBV, Views, and Templates
Example: School Management System
With questions and full solution

Day 5 (Friday): Weekly Assessment – Mini Project

🎯 Goal

To test what students have learned by building a small Django app.

🧾 Project: Nobigdeal Web Pages

Task: Create a small Django app with the following:

Home Page → “Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre.”
About Page → “We train and empower students in ICT.”
Services Page → List 3 services you offer.
Contact Page → Address and email.
All pages should be linked in urls.py and have HTML templates.

🏆 Assessment Questions

What is a View in Django?
Mention and explain two types of Views.
What does .as_view() do?
Why do we connect Views to Templates?
Write a simple def about(request) function that returns a message.

📊 Evaluation

Criteria	Marks
Correct Code Implementation	20
URL Configuration	10
Template Design	10
Class Participation	5
Total	45 marks

Day 5 (Friday): Weekly Assessment – Mini Project

🎯 Goal

To test what students have learned by building a small Django app.

🧾 Project: Nobigdeal Web Pages

Task: Create a small Django app with the following:

Home Page → “Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre.”
About Page → “We train and empower students in ICT.”
Services Page → List 3 services you offer.
Contact Page → Address and email.
All pages should be linked in urls.py and have HTML templates.

🏆 Assessment Questions

What is a View in Django?
Mention and explain two types of Views.
What does .as_view() do?
Why do we connect Views to Templates?
Write a simple def about(request) function that returns a message.

📊 Evaluation

Criteria	Marks
Correct Code Implementation	20
URL Configuration	10
Template Design	10
Class Participation	5
Total	45 marks

Templates

What: HTML file that shows data to users.
Why: Display data from views, keep design separate from logic, make pages dynamic.
Learn before: HTML & CSS, views, template syntax ({{ }}, {% %}), URLs.

Example:

<h1>Student List</h1>
<ul>
  {% for student in students %}
    <li>{{ student.name }} - {{ student.age }}</li>
  {% endfor %}
</ul>



Perfect ✅
— let’s create a complete 1-week (Monday–Friday)
student-centered teaching note on Django Views, structured for
real classroom use.

This lesson plan uses Nigerian-friendly
examples (like Nobigdeal Training Centre) and builds gradually from theory
to practical and project assessment.







🗓️ WEEKLY
TOPIC: DJANGO VIEWS

Duration: 5 Days (Monday – Friday)

Focus: Understanding, creating, and using Django Views to handle user
requests.







🧠 General Learning Goal

By the end of the week, students
should be able to:


 Explain what Views are and their importance.
 Create Function-Based and Class-Based Views.
 Connect Views with URLs and Templates.
 Build a mini web app using Views.








🗓️ Day 1 (Monday):
Introduction to Django Views

🎯 Lesson Objectives

Students should be able to:


 Explain what a View is in Django.
 Describe why Views are needed.
 Understand the types of Views in Django.








🧩 1. Introduction

In Django, a View is what
decides what the user sees when they visit your website.

It connects what users do (request) with what they get (response).

📍Analogy (Nigeria
Example):

Imagine you enter Nobigdeal Restaurant and order rice.


 You (user) make a request.
 The waiter (View) goes to the kitchen, collects
     your food (Model data), and brings it to you (Response).


Without the waiter (View), you can’t
get what you want.







💡 2. Why We Need Views


 To control what happens when a page loads.
 To display information from the database.
 To receive and process form input.








🧱 3. Types of Views


 
  
   
   Type
   
   
   Meaning
   
   
   Example
   Use
   
  
 
 
  
  Function-Based View (FBV)
  
  
  A normal function that handles a
  request.
  
  
  Small apps
  
 
 
  
  Class-Based View (CBV)
  
  
  A class that handles requests more
  neatly.
  
  
  Big projects
  
 








🧾 Example (Simple
Function-Based View)

views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse

 

def home(request):

   
return HttpResponse("Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre")

urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

 

urlpatterns = [

   
path('', views.home, name='home'),

]

✅ Result: When you open your
homepage, you’ll see “Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre”.







🏫 Classwork


 Create a view called about that
     shows this text:

     “This is Nobigdeal ICT Training Centre in Kubwa, Abuja.”
 Connect it to the /about/
     path.








📝 Assignment

Create another view called contact that says:

“Call us at 0803-000-0000 or email: nobigdeal@gmail.com.”







🗓️ Day 2 (Tuesday):
Function-Based Views (FBV)

🎯 Lesson Objectives

Students should be able to:


 Write and understand function-based views.
 Use them to send text and data to a webpage.
 Connect multiple pages to different views.








💡 1. What is a
Function-Based View?

It’s a simple Python function that
handles a user’s request.

📍 Structure:

def view_name(request):

   
return HttpResponse("Response text here")







🧾 Example: Multiple Pages

views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse

 

def home(request):

   
return HttpResponse("Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre")

 

def about(request):

   
return HttpResponse("We train students in ICT and Graphics")

 

def services(request):

   
return HttpResponse("Services: Training, Printing, Online
Registration")

urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

 

urlpatterns = [

   
path('', views.home, name='home'),

   
path('about/', views.about, name='about'),

   
path('services/', views.services, name='services'),

]

✅ Result:


 /
     → Homepage
 /about/ → About Page
 /services/ → Services Page








🏫 Classwork

Create a function view called contact that says:

“Visit us opposite Zenith Bank, Kubwa, Abuja.”







📝 Assignment

Create a view for /gallery/ that displays:

“Our Students in Practical Session.”







🗓️ Day 3 (Wednesday):
Class-Based Views (CBV)

🎯 Lesson Objectives

Students should be able to:


 Explain what Class-Based Views are.
 Convert Function-Based Views into Class-Based Views.
 Understand the use of .as_view().








💡 1. What is a Class-Based
View?

A Class-Based View uses a Python
class instead of a function.

It helps organize code neatly, especially for big projects.

📍 Structure:

from django.http import HttpResponse

from django.views import View

 

class HomeView(View):

   
def get(self, request):

        return HttpResponse("This is the
Home Page")

urls.py

from django.urls import path

from .views import HomeView

 

urlpatterns = [

   
path('', HomeView.as_view(), name='home'),

]

✅ .as_view() is what
tells Django to treat the class like a view function.







🧾 Example: About and
Services with Class-Based Views

views.py

class AboutView(View):

   
def get(self, request):

        return HttpResponse("We teach
students ICT and computer skills")

 

class ServicesView(View):

   
def get(self, request):

        return HttpResponse("Our services
include training, printing, and registration")







🏫 Classwork

Convert your Day 2 function-based contact view into a class-based view.







📝 Assignment

Create a class-based view called GalleryView that displays:

“See photos from our previous training sessions.”







🗓️ Day 4 (Thursday): Views
and Templates

🎯 Lesson Objectives

Students should be able to:


 Connect Views with HTML templates.
 Display dynamic content using Django’s template system.
 Pass data from Views to Templates.








💡 1. Why Use Templates?

Templates make your site beautiful.

Instead of just plain text, you can design using HTML.







🧾 Example: Connecting a View
to a Template

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

 

def home(request):

   
context = {'title': 'Welcome', 'center': 'Nobigdeal Training Centre'}

   
return render(request, 'home.html', context)

home.html (inside templates folder)

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

 
<title>{{ title }}</title>

</head>

<body>

 
<h1>Welcome to {{ center }}</h1>

</body>

</html>

✅ Result: Your site now looks
more like a real webpage.







🏫 Classwork


 Create a template called about.html.
 Pass and display this message:

     “We are proud to train students in ICT, graphics, and coding.”








📝 Assignment

Create a template called contact.html that shows:

“You can reach us via email or visit our office at Kubwa.”







🗓️
Perfect! Let’s focus fully on Django Templates in a
beginner-friendly, student-centered, day-by-day format. I’ll explain what
they are, why they’re needed, components, examples, classwork, exercises, and
assignments.







🗓️ Day
1: Introduction to Django Templates

Topic: Templates in Django

Level: Beginner / Student-Centered Learning

Tools: VS Code, Python, Django installed







1. Lesson Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students
should be able to:


 Explain what a Template is in Django.
 Understand the purpose of using templates.
 Create simple HTML templates and connect them to Views.








2. What is a Template?


 A Template is an HTML file that
     determines how your page looks.
 It is where you write the front-end design.
 Templates can use placeholders to display dynamic
     content passed from Views.


📍 Nigerian Analogy:

Think of a Template as a menu card in a restaurant:


 The card (template) shows how the dishes will appear.
 The waiter (View) fills in the details (dynamic data)
     like today’s special or customer name.








3. Why Use Templates?


 Separate Logic from Design – Keep Python code in Views and HTML in Templates.
 Dynamic Content
     – Display information like student names, scores, or services dynamically.
 Reusable HTML
     – One template can serve many pages by changing the data.
 Clean Code
     – Easier to maintain large projects.








4. Components of a Template


 
  
   
   Component
   
   
   Description
   
   
   Example
   
  
 
 
  
  Template File
  
  
  HTML file stored in templates/ folder
  
  
  home.html
  
 
 
  
  Placeholders
  
  
  Dynamic content inside template
  
  
  {{ name }}
  
 
 
  
  Loops
  
  
  Display lists of items
  
  
  {% for service in
  services %}
  
 
 
  
  Conditionals
  
  
  Show content based on condition
  
  
  {% if
  user.is_authenticated %}
  
 
 
  
  Template Tags
  
  
  Special Django syntax
  
  
  {% block content %}
  
 
 
  
  Template Filters
  
  
  Modify output
  
  
  `{{ name
  
 








5. Simple Example: Static Template

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

 

def home(request):

   
return render(request, 'home.html')

home.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

   
<title>Home Page</title>

</head>

<body>

   
<h1>Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre</h1>

</body>

</html>

urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

 

urlpatterns = [

   
path('', views.home, name='home'),

]

✅ Result: Visiting /
displays:

“Welcome to Nobigdeal Training Centre”







6. Example: Dynamic Template with
Context

views.py

def student_profile(request):

   
student = {'name': 'Amina', 'age': 12, 'grade': 'A'}

   
return render(request, 'profile.html', {'student': student})

profile.html

<h2>Student Profile</h2>

<p>Name: {{ student.name
}}</p>

<p>Age: {{ student.age
}}</p>

<p>Grade: {{ student.grade
}}</p>

✅ Result:

Student Profile

Name: Amina

Age: 12

Grade: A







7. Classwork / Exercises


 Create a View about and
     template about.html that shows:

     “We train and empower students in ICT.”
 Create a View services
     passing a list of 3 services to services.html
     and display them using a for loop.
 Optional: Create a contact page
     passing phone and email dynamically to contact.html.








8. Solutions / Example Code

views.py

def about(request):

   
return render(request, 'about.html', {'info': 'We train and empower
students in ICT.'})

 

def services(request):

   
services_list = ['ICT Training', 'Graphic Design', 'Online
Registration']

   
return render(request, 'services.html', {'services': services_list})

 

def contact(request):

   
contact_info = {'phone': '0803-000-0000', 'email':
'nobigdeal@gmail.com'}

   
return render(request, 'contact.html', {'contact': contact_info})

services.html

<h1>Our Services</h1>

<ul>

{% for service in services %}

   
<li>{{ service }}</li>

{% endfor %}

</ul>

contact.html

<h1>Contact Us</h1>

<p>Phone: {{ contact.phone
}}</p>

<p>Email: {{ contact.email
}}</p>







9. Homework / Assignment


 Create a gallery page
     and template showing 3 images of previous training sessions.
 Pass your name dynamically to the home page using
     context:

     “Welcome, [Your Name], to Nobigdeal Training Centre!”








10. Summary Table


 
  
   
   Term
   
   
   Meaning
   (Nigeria Example)
   
   
   Example
   
  
 
 
  
  Template
  
  
  HTML file for display
  
  
  home.html
  
 
 
  
  Context
  
  
  Data passed from View to Template
  
  
  {'name': 'Amina'}
  
 
 
  
  render()
  
  
  Connects View to Template
  
  
  render(request,
  'home.html', context)
  
 
 
  
  Placeholder
  
  
  Where dynamic content appears
  
  
  {{ name }}
  
 
 
  
  Loop
  
  
  Display list of items
  
  
  {% for service in
  services %}
  
 
 
  
  Conditional
  
  
  Show content based on condition
  
  
  {% if student.grade
  == "A" %}
  
 






Perfect! Let’s move to Day 2: Using Loops and Conditionals in Django Templates with full explanations, examples, classwork, exercises, and assignments.

🗓️ Day 2: Loops and Conditionals in Django Templates
Topic: Dynamic Content with Loops and Conditionals

Level: Beginner / Student-Centered Learning

Tools: VS Code, Python, Django installed

1. Lesson Objectives
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:


Display lists of data dynamically using loops.


Show or hide content using conditionals.


Combine loops and conditionals in templates.


Practice passing lists and variables from Views to Templates.



2. Loops in Templates
What is a Loop?


A loop repeats a set of instructions for each item in a list.


In templates, loops help display multiple items dynamically.


📍 Nigerian Analogy:

Think of loop as listing all items in a market:


“For each item on the shelf, show its name and price.”



Example: Display a List of Services
views.py
def services(request):
    services_list = ['ICT Training', 'Graphic Design', 'Online Registration']
    return render(request, 'services.html', {'services': services_list})

services.html
<h1>Our Services</h1>
<ul>
{% for service in services %}
    <li>{{ service }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

✅ Result:


ICT Training


Graphic Design


Online Registration



3. Conditionals in Templates
What is a Conditional?


A conditional shows or hides content depending on a condition.


Uses {% if %}, {% elif %}, and {% else %} in templates.


📍 Nigerian Analogy:


If it’s raining, we stay indoors; else, we go to the market.



Example: Display Pass/Fail Status
views.py
def student_status(request):
    student = {'name': 'Amina', 'score': 65}
    return render(request, 'status.html', {'student': student})

status.html
<h2>Student Status</h2>
<p>Name: {{ student.name }}</p>

{% if student.score >= 50 %}
    <p>Status: Pass</p>
{% else %}
    <p>Status: Fail</p>
{% endif %}

✅ Result:


Name: Amina


Status: Pass



4. Combining Loops and Conditionals
Example: Multiple Students with Pass/Fail
views.py
def students(request):
    students_list = [
        {'name': 'Amina', 'score': 65},
        {'name': 'John', 'score': 45},
        {'name': 'Sade', 'score': 80},
    ]
    return render(request, 'students.html', {'students': students_list})

students.html
<h2>Students Scores</h2>
<ul>
{% for student in students %}
    <li>{{ student.name }} - Score: {{ student.score }} - 
    {% if student.score >= 50 %}Pass{% else %}Fail{% endif %}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

✅ Result:


Amina - Score: 65 - Pass


John - Score: 45 - Fail


Sade - Score: 80 - Pass



5. Classwork / Exercises


Create a View products that passes a list of 5 products with name and price to products.html.


Use a loop to display all products.




Create a View employees that passes a list of employee dictionaries (name + salary).


Show “High Salary” if salary > 100000, else “Low Salary” using conditionals.




Optional: Combine a loop and conditional to highlight products costing > ₦5000 in bold.



6. Solutions / Example Code
views.py
def products(request):
    products_list = [
        {'name': 'Laptop', 'price': 120000},
        {'name': 'Phone', 'price': 50000},
        {'name': 'Mouse', 'price': 2000},
        {'name': 'Keyboard', 'price': 4000},
        {'name': 'Printer', 'price': 15000},
    ]
    return render(request, 'products.html', {'products': products_list})

def employees(request):
    employees_list = [
        {'name': 'Amina', 'salary': 120000},
        {'name': 'John', 'salary': 80000},
        {'name': 'Sade', 'salary': 95000},
    ]
    return render(request, 'employees.html', {'employees': employees_list})

products.html
<h1>Products</h1>
<ul>
{% for product in products %}
    <li>{{ product.name }} - ₦{{ product.price }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

employees.html
<h1>Employees</h1>
<ul>
{% for employee in employees %}
    <li>{{ employee.name }} - ₦{{ employee.salary }} - 
    {% if employee.salary > 100000 %}High Salary{% else %}Low Salary{% endif %}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>


7. Homework / Assignment
Create a courses page and template with a list of 5 courses.
Highlight courses with more than 30 students in bold.
Create a tasks page that passes a list of tasks with a completed boolean.
Show “Done” if completed, else “Pending”.

8. Summary Table



Concept
Meaning (Nigeria Example)
Example




Loop
Repeat for each item
{% for product in products %}


Conditional
Show/hide content based on a condition
{% if score >= 50 %}


Loop + Conditional
Combine for multiple items with conditions
Students Pass/Fail example


Placeholder
Where dynamic data appears
{{ student.name }}


Context
Data passed from View
{'students': students_list}

Type	Meaning	Example Use
Function-Based View (FBV)	A normal function that handles a request.	Small apps
Class-Based View (CBV)	A class that handles requests more neatly.	Big projects

Component	Description	Example
Template File	HTML file stored in templates/ folder	home.html
Placeholders	Dynamic content inside template	{{ name }}
Loops	Display lists of items	{% for service in services %}
Conditionals	Show content based on condition	{% if user.is_authenticated %}
Template Tags	Special Django syntax	{% block content %}
Template Filters	Modify output	`{{ name

Term	Meaning (Nigeria Example)	Example
Template	HTML file for display	home.html
Context	Data passed from View to Template	{'name': 'Amina'}
render()	Connects View to Template	render(request, 'home.html', context)
Placeholder	Where dynamic content appears	{{ name }}
Loop	Display list of items	{% for service in services %}
Conditional	Show content based on condition	{% if student.grade == "A" %}

Concept	Meaning (Nigeria Example)	Example
Loop	Repeat for each item	`{% for product in products %}`
Conditional	Show/hide content based on a condition	`{% if score >= 50 %}`
Loop + Conditional	Combine for multiple items with conditions	Students Pass/Fail example
Placeholder	Where dynamic data appears	`{{ student.name }}`
Context	Data passed from View	`{'students': students_list}`

URLs

What: Web address that tells Django which view to use.
Why: Connect pages, make site organized, handle dynamic content.
Learn before: Views, Python functions/classes, HTML links.

Example:

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('students/', views.student_list, name='student_list'),
]

Admin Interface

What: A ready-made dashboard in Django to manage your data.
Why: You can add, edit, delete, or view data without writing code.
Learn before: Models (so you know what data you have).

Example:

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Student

admin.site.register(Student)

This lets you see and manage Student data in the admin panel.

Forms

What: A way to collect user input (like registration forms).
Why: Helps users send data to your app safely and easily.
Learn before: Models, views, templates, basic HTML forms.

Example:

from django import forms
from .models import Student

class StudentForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Student
        fields = ['name', 'age', 'email']

This form lets users add or edit Student info in your website.

Middleware

What: A tool that processes requests and responses automatically.
Why: Can do tasks like check login, security, sessions, or data changes.
Learn before: Views and URLs, basic Python.

Example:

Middleware can check if a user is logged in before allowing them to see a page.

MVT Architecture

MVT = Model – View – Template
Model: Handles data.
View: Handles logic and decides what to show.
Template: Handles the design (what users see).

Simple idea: Django separates your data, logic, and design for easy management.

ORM (Object Relational Mapper)

What: Lets you work with databases using Python, no SQL needed.
Why: Easier and safer to handle data.
Learn before: Models, Python basics, database concepts.

Example:

students = Student.objects.all()  # Get all students

This gets all students from the database using Python code, not SQL.

Security

What: Built-in tools in Django to protect your app.
Why: Prevents attacks like hacking, fake forms, or data theft.
Learn before: Basic views, templates, and forms.

Example:

CSRF protection automatically checks forms to prevent fake submissions.

Summary of Django Components in Simple Words

Component	What It Does	Why Use It
Model	Store data	Organize and manage database easily
View	Logic, decides what to show	Make app dynamic
Template	Design pages	Show data to users nicely
URL	Web address	Connect pages to views
Admin	Dashboard	Manage data easily
Forms	Collect input	Users can send data safely
Middleware	Process requests/responses	Handle login, security, sessions
MVT	Structure (Model-View-Template)	Keep data, logic, and design separate
ORM	Work with database using Python	Easier than SQL
Security	Protect your app	Prevent attacks

Day 3: Python classes,

Perfect, Raheem! Let’s explain Python classes in very simple English for your students without using “blueprint”, and also explain objects and key terms..

1. Field Types in Django

What is it?

Field types tell Django what kind of information each part of your model will store.

Common Field Types

Field Type	Stores	Example Use
`CharField`	Short text	Name, Title
`TextField`	Long text	Description, Notes
`IntegerField`	Whole numbers	Age, Quantity
`FloatField`	Decimal numbers	Price, Height
`BooleanField`	True / False	Is_active, Published
`DateField`	Date only	Birthday, Start Date
`DateTimeField`	Date + Time	Created_at, Updated_at
`EmailField`	Email address	Student or teacher email
`URLField`	Website link	Portfolio, company website
`FileField`	Upload a file	PDF, document
`ImageField`	Upload an image	Profile picture, product image
`DecimalField`	Decimal numbers	Price, salary

Example Model Using Field Types

from django.db import models

class Student(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    age = models.IntegerField()
    bio = models.TextField()
    email = models.EmailField()
    joined_date = models.DateField()
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)

2. Database Basics

What is it?

A database is where your app stores information.
Django creates a table in the database for each model.

Key Terms:

Term	Meaning
Table	Stores all data for a model
Row / Record	One item of data
Column / Field	Type of information (name, age, etc)
Primary Key	Unique ID for each row (Django adds it automatically)

Example: Student Table

id	name	age	bio	joined_date	is_active
1	Ali	12	Likes maths	2025-01-01	True
2	Zara	14	Likes science	2025-02-01	True

Each model → table
Each object → row in table

3. Migrations

What is it?

Migrations are how Django updates the database when you create or change models.

When to Use:

When you create a new model.
When you change a field or add/remove a field.

Where to Use:

Terminal / Command Prompt in your Django project folder.

How to Use:

Create migration (tell Django about changes):

python manage.py makemigrations

Apply migration (update database):

python manage.py migrate

Example Workflow:

Create model Student → makemigrations → migrate → Table created in database
Add a new field grade → makemigrations → migrate → Table updates

Classwork Example

Create a model Teacher with:
- name (CharField)
- subject (CharField)
- age (IntegerField)
- hire_date (DateField)
- is_active (BooleanField)
Make migrations and migrate.
Check the table in the database.

Assignment Example

Create a model Book with:
- title (CharField)
- author (CharField)
- pages (IntegerField)
- published_date (DateField)
- available (BooleanField)
Make migrations and migrate.
Add 3 book objects using Django admin.
Bonus: Add a genre field later, make migrations, and migrate.

Day 5: Assessment

Perfect, Raheem! Here’s a simple assessment for your students on Field Types, Database Basics, and Migrations. It’s easy to understand and can be done in Django.

Assessment: Django Field Types, Database, and Migrations

Part A: Theory Questions

What is a field type in Django? Give two examples.
What is a database? What is a table in a database?
What is an object in Django?
What is a migration and why is it important?
Name three common field types in Django and what they store.

Part B: Practical Questions

Task 1: Create a Django model Student with the following fields:

name → CharField (max_length=100)
age → IntegerField
email → EmailField
joined_date → DateField
is_active → BooleanField

Steps:

Create the model in models.py.
Make migrations and migrate.
Add 2 student objects using Django admin.
Check the database table to see if rows are created.

Task 2: Create a Django model Book with the following fields:

title → CharField (max_length=200)
author → CharField (max_length=100)
pages → IntegerField
published_date → DateField
available → BooleanField

Steps:

Create the model in models.py.
Make migrations and migrate.
Add 3 book objects using Django admin.
Bonus: Add a genre (CharField) later, make migrations, and migrate.

Task 3 (Extra Challenge):

Create a Teacher model with name (CharField) and subject (CharField).
Create a Course model with title (CharField) and a ManyToManyField linking to Teacher.
Make migrations and migrate.

Week 2: How Model works

How a Django Model Works

1. Model is a Python Class

Each model is a Python class inside models.py.
Each attribute (field) in the class becomes a column in the database table.
Each object (instance) of the model becomes a row in the table.

Example:

from django.db import models

class Student(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    age = models.IntegerField()
    email = models.EmailField()
    joined_date = models.DateField()
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)

What happens here:

Student → table name
name, age, email → columns in the table
Each student added → one row in the table

2. Model Creates a Table in Database

Django automatically creates a table when you run migrations.
Command:

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

✅ Now the table exists in the database.

3. Model Stores Data (Objects)

You can add objects to the model, which Django saves as rows in the table.

Example (using shell):

from myapp.models import Student
student1 = Student(name="Ali", age=12, email="ali@mail.com", joined_date="2025-01-01", is_active=True)
student1.save()  # Saves to database

4. Model Retrieves Data

Django provides a simple way to get data from the database using objects:

students = Student.objects.all()           # Get all students
student = Student.objects.get(id=1)        # Get student with ID 1
active_students = Student.objects.filter(is_active=True)  # Filter students

5. Model Updates Data

You can change a field and save it:

student = Student.objects.get(id=1)
student.age = 13
student.save()  # Update database

6. Model Deletes Data

You can delete an object, which removes it from the table:

student = Student.objects.get(id=1)
student.delete()

7. How it Works Internally (Step by Step)

You create a model → Python class in models.py.
Django reads the model and creates a database table (columns = fields).
You create objects → Django inserts rows in the table.
You query objects → Django fetches rows from the table.
You update objects → Django updates rows in the table.
You delete objects → Django removes rows from the table.

8. Simple Diagram

Model (Python class)
       │
       ▼
Fields (columns in table)
       │
       ▼
Object (row in table)
       │
       ▼
Database Table

Classwork Example

Create a model Teacher with fields:
- name, subject, age, hire_date, is_active
Make migrations and migrate.
Add 2 teacher objects.
Retrieve all teachers and print their names.
Update one teacher’s age.
Delete one teacher.

Assignment Example

Create a model Book with fields:
- title, author, pages, published_date, available
Make migrations and migrate.
Add 3 book objects.
Retrieve all books.
Update the number of pages for one book.
Delete one book.

Day 2: Locate the Database File

By default, Django uses SQLite, which is a file-based database.

Look in your project folder. You will see a file called:

db.sqlite3

✅ This file stores all your data and tables.

Note: If you are using MySQL or PostgreSQL, the database is on the server you set in settings.py.

2. See the Tables in the Database

A. Using SQLite Browser (Recommended for Beginners)

Download DB Browser for SQLite (free).
Open db.sqlite3 in the app.
You will see all tables Django created.
- Example: myapp_student, myapp_teacher
Click on a table to see its rows and columns (your data).

B. Using Django Shell

Open Django shell in terminal:

python manage.py shell

Import your model and see data:

from myapp.models import Student
Student.objects.all()   # Shows all records in Student table

✅ Each object corresponds to a row in the table.

C. Using Django Admin Panel

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Student

admin.site.register(Student)

Run the server:

python manage.py runserver

Open http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/ and login.
You will see Student table and all its rows.

3. Notes

Table name = appname_modelname (all lowercase)
Columns = model fields
Rows = objects/entries

Classwork Example

Create a model Teacher with name and subject.
Make migrations and migrate.
Open db.sqlite3 in DB Browser.
Add a teacher in admin and see it in the table.

Assignment Example

Create a model Book with title, author, pages.
Make migrations and migrate.
Open db.sqlite3 and locate the Book table.
Add 3 book entries in admin and check the table.

Week 3: How to use templates

Got it, Raheem! Let’s explain how to use Django templates in very simple English with examples and practical steps for your students.

Django Templates

1. What is a Template?

A template is an HTML file that decides how your webpage looks.
Templates can show dynamic data from your views using Django template tags.

Simple idea: Templates are the face of your website, showing information to users.

2. Why Use Templates?

To separate HTML (design) from Python code (logic).
To show data from models or views on a web page.
To use loops, conditions, and filters in HTML.

3. Where to Put Templates

Inside your app folder, create a folder called templates.
Example structure:

myapp/
    templates/
        myapp/
            student_list.html

Django looks for templates in app/templates/app_name/ by default.

4. How to Connect Views and Templates

Create a view that sends data to the template:

# views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Student

def student_list(request):
    students = Student.objects.all()
    return render(request, 'myapp/student_list.html', {'students': students})

Create a URL for the view:

# urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('students/', views.student_list, name='student_list'),
]

Create the template file student_list.html:

<h1>Student List</h1>
<ul>
  {% for student in students %}
    <li>{{ student.name }} - {{ student.age }}</li>
  {% endfor %}
</ul>

5. Template Tags

{{ variable }} → Shows data from views.
{% for item in list %} ... {% endfor %} → Loops through items.
{% if condition %} ... {% endif %} → Conditional statements.

6. How it Works

User visits a URL (e.g., /students/).
Django runs the view (student_list).
View gets data from model (Student.objects.all()).
View sends data to template.
Template shows data as HTML page.

7. Classwork Example

Create a model Teacher with name and subject.
Create a view teacher_list that gets all teachers.
Create a template teacher_list.html to show all teachers.
Connect URL /teachers/ to the view.
Open browser and check the page.

8. Assignment Example

Create a model Book with fields title, author, pages.
Create a view book_list to get all books.
Create a template book_list.html that shows all books.
Add a URL /books/ to connect the view.
Test in the browser.
Bonus: Add a loop to highlight books with more than 200 pages using {% if %} tag.

Week 4: URLs.

Got it, Raheem! Let’s explain Django URLs in very simple English with examples and practical steps.

Django URLs

1. What is a URL?

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a web address that tells Django which page or view to show.
Example:

http://127.0.0.1:8000/students/

This URL tells Django to run a specific view that shows all students.

Simple idea: URLs are like road signs, guiding users to the right page.

2. Why Use URLs?

To connect a web address to a view.
To make your website organized and easy to navigate.
To handle dynamic content, e.g., /student/1/ shows student with ID 1.

3. Where to Create URLs

Each app has a urls.py file (if not, you can create one).
The project folder also has a main urls.py file.
You connect app URLs to project URLs for the site to work.

4. How to Create URLs

A. App URL

# myapp/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('students/', views.student_list, name='student_list'),
]

B. Project URL

# myproject/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include('myapp.urls')),  # Connects app URLs
]

5. How it Works

User visits a URL in the browser.
Django matches the URL to a path in urls.py.
Django runs the view connected to that URL.
The view sends data to template, and the page is shown.

6. URL Examples

/students/ → Shows all students.
/student/1/ → Shows student with ID 1.
/books/ → Shows all books.
/book/5/ → Shows book with ID 5.

Optional: You can give each URL a name to use it in templates:

<a href="{% url 'student_list' %}">Students</a>

7. Classwork Example

Create a view teacher_list that shows all teachers.
Create a URL /teachers/ that runs the view.
Test in the browser and see the list of teachers.

8. Assignment Example

Create a view book_list that shows all books.
Create a URL /books/ that runs the view.
Bonus: Create another URL /books/<int:id>/ to show a single book’s details.
Test both URLs in the browser.

Month 2:

Sure, Raheem! Let’s explain each of these Django components in very simple English, with examples and practical notes for your students.

1. Admin – Dashboard to Manage Data

What is Admin?

Django gives you a ready-made dashboard to manage your data.
You don’t need to create forms or pages to add, edit, or delete data.

Why Use Admin?

Quickly manage your models (tables).
See all records in a clean interface.
Easy to add users, posts, students, books, etc.

How to Use Admin

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Student

admin.site.register(Student)

Run the server:

python manage.py runserver

Go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/ and login.
You can add, update, or delete student records.

2. MVT Architecture – Structure (Model-View-Template)

What is MVT?

MVT = Model, View, Template
It is Django’s way to organize code.

Component	Role
Model	Stores data (database)
View	Handles logic, connects Model & Template
Template	Shows data on a web page

Simple idea:

Model → stores data
View → decides what to show
Template → shows it to users

3. Middleware – Process Requests and Responses

What is Middleware?

Middleware is a layer between user and app.
It processes requests before views run and responses before reaching the browser.

Why Use Middleware?

Handle security (e.g., block bad users).
Manage sessions, authentication, or logging.
Modify request or response if needed.

Example:

# settings.py
MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
]

4. Forms – Collect User Input

What are Forms?

Forms let users submit data (like registration, feedback, or comments).

Why Use Forms?

To safely get input from users.
To validate data before saving to the database.

Example:

from django import forms

class StudentForm(forms.Form):
    name = forms.CharField(max_length=100)
    age = forms.IntegerField()

5. ORM – Use Python to Work with Databases

What is ORM?

ORM = Object Relational Mapping
Lets you use Python code to create, read, update, delete data instead of SQL.

Example:

# Add a student
student = Student(name="Ali", age=12)
student.save()

# Get all students
students = Student.objects.all()

6. Security – Protect the App

What is Security in Django?

Django has built-in protections for your app:
- SQL injection
- Cross-site scripting (XSS)
- Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)

Why Important?

Keeps user data safe.
Protects your website from attacks.

Example: CSRF token in templates:

<form method="post">
  {% csrf_token %}
  <input type="text" name="name">
  <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

Classwork Example

Register Student model in admin and add 2 students.
Create a form for students to submit data.
Use ORM to retrieve and update a student.
Check CSRF token in template for security.

Assignment Example

Create Book model and register in admin.
Make a form to add books.
Use ORM to get all books and filter available books.
Add CSRF token to the form template.
Bonus: Explain how MVT works using your Book model.

Month 3:

Got it, Raheem! Let’s make a very simple Django project that covers all the components you’ve learned:

Project Idea: Student Management System

This project will cover:

Model → store students
Admin → manage students
View → logic to display students
Template → show students in HTML
URL → connect pages
Forms → add new students
ORM → work with database in Python
Middleware & Security → default Django protections

Step-by-Step Project

1. Create Django Project

django-admin startproject school
cd school
python manage.py startapp students

2. Create Model

# students/models.py
from django.db import models

class Student(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    age = models.IntegerField()
    email = models.EmailField()
    joined_date = models.DateField(auto_now_add=True)
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

3. Make Migrations

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

4. Register in Admin

# students/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Student

admin.site.register(Student)

Run server and go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/ to add students.

5. Create View

# students/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Student
from .forms import StudentForm

def student_list(request):
    students = Student.objects.all()
    return render(request, 'students/student_list.html', {'students': students})

def add_student(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = StudentForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()  # Saves data using ORM
    else:
        form = StudentForm()
    return render(request, 'students/add_student.html', {'form': form})

6. Create Form

# students/forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import Student

class StudentForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Student
        fields = ['name', 'age', 'email', 'is_active']

7. Create Templates

student_list.html

<h1>Student List</h1>
<ul>
  {% for student in students %}
    <li>{{ student.name }} - {{ student.age }} - {{ student.email }}</li>
  {% endfor %}
</ul>
<a href="{% url 'add_student' %}">Add Student</a>

add_student.html

<h1>Add Student</h1>
<form method="post">
  {% csrf_token %}
  {{ form.as_p }}
  <button type="submit">Add</button>
</form>
<a href="{% url 'student_list' %}">Back to List</a>

8. Set URLs

# students/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('students/', views.student_list, name='student_list'),
    path('students/add/', views.add_student, name='add_student'),
]

# school/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include('students.urls')),
]

9. Test the Project

Run server:

python manage.py runserver

Go to:
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/students/ → View student list
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/students/add/ → Add a student
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/ → Manage students in admin

What This Project Covers

Feature	Covered By
Model	Student model
Admin	Admin panel to manage students
View	student_list & add_student views
Template	student_list.html & add_student.html
URL	URLs connected to views
Form	StudentForm to add data
ORM	form.save() and Student.objects.all()
Middleware & Security	Default Django middleware, CSRF token

Classwork Idea

Add a Teacher model similar to Student.
Create list and add pages for teachers using templates, views, forms, and URLs.

Assignment Idea

Add a Book model with fields: title, author, pages, available.
Create admin, view, template, form, and URLs to add and display books.

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Tuesday, October 7, 2025

Python Django

2. Why Use Python?

3. Where is Python Used?

Day 2: Python Syntax

Python Basics: Syntax and Printing

1. What is Python Syntax?

2. Why Use Python Syntax?

3. Where is Python Syntax Used?

4. What is Printing?

5. Why Use Printing?

6. Where is Printing Used?

Class 3: Basic Input

Class 4: Practice

Week 2: Variables and Data Types

Class 1: What is a Variable?

Class 2: Data Types

Class 3: Changing Variables

Class 4: Type Conversion

Class 5: Practice Mini Project

Week 3: Operators and Expressions

Class 1: Arithmetic Operators

Class 2: Comparison Operators

Class 3: Logical Operators

Class 4: Assignment Operators

Class 5: Expressions

Class 6: Mini Project

Week 4: Conditional Statements (If-Else)

Class 1: If Statement

Class 2: If-Else Statement

Class 3: Elif (Else-If) Statement

Class 4: Nested If Statements

Class 5: Mini Project

Week 5: Loops

Class 1: For Loop

Class 2: While Loop

Class 3: Break and Continue

Class 4: Nested Loops

Class 5: Mini Project

print(f"{s['name']} is {s['age']} years old") Classwork:Create a list of 3 books, each book is a dictionary with title and author. Print all books.Assignment:Create a list of 3 teachers, each with name and subject. Print: "Teacher Ali teaches Math" format.

🧠 Python Data Structures

1️⃣ List

2️⃣ Tuple

Meaning: A tuple is like a list but cannot be changed after creation. Example: colors = ("red", "green", "blue") print(colors[1]) # green Mini Exercise: Make a tuple of 5 Nigerian states and print all of them. Key Points: Ordered Cannot be changed (immutable) Allows duplicates

3️⃣ Set

Meaning: A set is a collection of unique items, meaning no duplicates. Example: numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3, 4} print(numbers) # {1, 2, 3, 4} Mini Exercise: Create a set of 5 numbers and add one more number. Key Points: Unordered (no position) Unique items only Changeable (can add/remove items)

4️⃣ Dictionary

✅ Quick Comparison Table

Data Structure Ordered Changeable Allows Duplicates Example List Yes Yes Yes ["Amina", "John"] Tuple Yes No Yes ("red", "blue") Set No Yes No {1, 2, 3} Dictionary No Yes Keys must be unique {"name":"Amina"}

Week 2: Classes and Objects

Good question 👍

🧠 1. What is a Class?

💡 2. Why Do We Need to Learn Class?

(a) To Organize Code

(b) To Reuse Code Easily

(c) To Make Programs Easier to Update

(d) To Make Code More Real-World

(e) For Teamwork

💻 Example:

🔍 Summary:

🧩 1. Attributes (Variables inside a class)

⚙️ 2. Methods (Functions inside a class)

🚪 3. Constructor (__init__ method)

💻 FULL EXAMPLE:

🧠 Summary Table

8. Class Work / Practice

9. Homework / Assignment

10. Summary Table

✅ Tips for Students

Week 3: Modules, Packages, and File Handling

1. What is a Module?

🔹 2. Why We Use Modules

🔹 3. Types of Modules

🔹 4. How to Use a Module

(a) Using a Built-in Module

`print(f"{s['name']} is {s['age']} years old")`
Classwork:
Create a list of 3 books, each book is a dictionary with `title` and `author`. Print all books.
Assignment:
Create a list of 3 teachers, each with `name` and `subject`. Print: `"Teacher Ali teaches Math"` format.

Meaning:
A tuple is like a list but cannot be changed after creation.

Example:

`colors = ("red", "green", "blue") print(colors[1]) # green`

Mini Exercise:

Make a tuple of 5 Nigerian states and print all of them.

Key Points:

Ordered

Cannot be changed (immutable)

Allows duplicates

Meaning:
A set is a collection of unique items, meaning no duplicates.

Example:

`numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3, 4} print(numbers) # {1, 2, 3, 4}`

Mini Exercise:

Create a set of 5 numbers and add one more number.

Key Points:

Unordered (no position)

Unique items only

Changeable (can add/remove items)

Data Structure Ordered Changeable Allows Duplicates Example

List Yes Yes Yes `["Amina", "John"]`

Tuple Yes No Yes `("red", "blue")`

Set No Yes No `{1, 2, 3}`

Dictionary No Yes Keys must be unique `{"name":"Amina"}`

🚪 3. Constructor (`init` method)

NumPy = Numerical Python

A Python module used for mathematical and scientific computing

Allows you to work with arrays and perform fast calculations

Type: External module → install with `pip install numpy`

Faster than Python lists for calculations

Handles 1D arrays and 2D matrices

Supports mathematical, statistical, and linear algebra operations

Works with Pandas, Matplotlib, and other data tools

`pip install numpy`

`import numpy as np`

Explanation:

Imports NumPy and gives it the nickname `np` to type less.

`arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) print(arr)`

Explanation:

`np.array([1,2,3,4,5])` → Creates a 1-dimensional array

`arr` → Stores the array

`print(arr)` → Displays the array

Output:

`[1 2 3 4 5]`

`arr2d = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) print(arr2d)`

Explanation:

A list of lists becomes a 2-dimensional array (matrix)

`arr2d` → Stores the 2D array

Output:

`[[1 2 3] [4 5 6]]`

`arr_1d = np.arange(16) arr_4x4 = arr_1d.reshape(4,4) print(arr_4x4)`

Explanation:

`np.arange(16)` → Creates array from 0 to 15

`.reshape(4,4)` → Reshapes 1D array into 4x4 2D array

Output:

`[[ 0 1 2 3] [ 4 5 6 7] [ 8 9 10 11] [12 13 14 15]]`

Exercise 1: Create a 1D array `[10,20,30,40,50]`

`arr1 = np.array([10,20,30,40,50]) print(arr1)`

`print("Sum:", np.sum(arr1)) print("Mean:", np.mean(arr1)) print("Max:", np.max(arr1)) print("Min:", np.min(arr1))`

Exercise 3: Create 2D array `[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]` and print shape

`arr2 = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) print("Array:\n", arr2) print("Shape:", arr2.shape)`

`arr_plus5 = arr1 + 5 print(arr_plus5)`

`arr_ones = np.ones((3,3)) print(arr_ones)`

`random_nums = np.random.randint(1,11,(3,3)) arr_mult = arr_ones * random_nums print("Random Array:\n", random_nums) print("Multiplied with Ones:\n", arr_mult)`

`print("Row sums:", np.sum(arr_mult, axis=1)) print("Column sums:", np.sum(arr_mult, axis=0))`

`arr_range = np.arange(16) arr_4x4 = arr_range.reshape(4,4) print(arr_4x4)`

NumPy = Numerical Python → Arrays + Math

1D array → `np.array([..])`

2D array → `np.array([[..],[..]])`

Basic operations → `np.sum()`, `np.mean()`, `np.max()`, `np.min()`, `np.sqrt()`

Reshape → `arr.reshape(rows, cols)`

arange() → Create a sequence of numbers